NIC:

Network Interface Card, or Network Adapter.
It interfaces a computer board with the network medium.
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Repeater:

A repeaters receives a signal and before it becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates the original bit pattern. The repeater then sends fresh signal.
Repeater works at the Physical Layer.

Hub:

A hub is a multiport repeater.
It allows for multiple machines to connect to the same network, by broadcasting traffic to all of its ports.
It is normally used to create connection between stations in a Physical Star Topology.

Bridge:

A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.
It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped. If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision must specify the port. A bridge has table that maps addresses to ports.
Bridge works at Data Link Layer

Switch

A switch may act as a multi port bridge to connect devices or segments in a LAN.
When it receives a packet, it stores the packet in the buffer of the receiving link and checks the address to find the outgoing link. If the outgoing link is free (no chance of collision), the switch sends the frame to that particular link.
A switch works by keeping track of which MAC addresses are attached to each port.
A Switch work at the Data Link Layer.

Router

Routers provide links between two separate but same-type LANs.
Router checks the destination address, finds the best route for the packet, and passes it to the destination network.
Router works at the Network Layer.