Famous Sociologists

Addams, Jane [1860-1935]

Jane Addams was one of the vice presidents of the Chicago Liberty Meeting that led to the formation of the Central Anti-Imperialist League in Chicago. She later served as a vice president of the national Anti-Imperialist League (1904-1919). In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, one of America's first settlement houses. She was later a co-founder and first president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1919-1935). She is also remembered as the first American Woman to receive the Nobel Peace Price.

• Biography
  • Biography
    From: Marshall W. Fischwick [1968] Illustrious American: Jane Adams. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company.
    From: Mary Jo Deegan [1985] Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892-1018. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Books.
  • Women in History: Jane Addams

• Jane Addams Hull-House Museum
  Includes a biography and chronology, works by and about Addams.

• Hull-House Maps and Papers

• [1899] Democracy or Militarism
  Address before the Chicago Liberty Meeting, April 30, 1899.

• [1905] An International Patriotism
  In: The Public 9, April 21, 1906.

• [1907] Newer Ideals of Peace [Prefactory Note and Table of Content]
  New York: Macmillan, pp. vii-xviii.

• [1910] Twenty Years at Hull-House | mirror
  New York: MacMillan Co., 1910.

• [1922] Peace and Bread in Time of War
  G.K. Hall & Co., 1960 (originally published by The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1922-1945). Mirror at BoondocksNet

Adorno, Theodor W. [1903 - 1969]

• [1930/1964] Chaplin Times Two
  The first essay appeared under the title "Kierkegaard prophesies Chaplin" in the Frankfurter Zeitung, May 22, 1930; the second as "Chaplin in Malibu" in Neue Rundschau, Vol. 3, 75th year, 1964; they first appeared together under the present title in the volume Ohne Leitbild (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1969), 89-93.

• [1944] Le Prix du Progress (with Max Horkheimer)
  From: The Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Continuum, 1993. Originally published as "Dialektik der Aufklärung, 1944.

• [1944] The Culture Industry: Enlightment as Mass Deception (with Max Horkheimer)
  From: The Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Continuum, 1993. Originally published as "Dialektik der Aufklärung", 1944.

• [1951] Quotes: Theodor W. Adorno
  The quotes are taken from Minima moralia. Reflections from damaged life. (First published in German in 1951). Londen: NLB. 1974.

• [1956] Music and Language: A Fragment
  From: Quasi una Fantasia. Essays on Modern Music. London/New York: Verso.

• [1991] Culture Industry Reconsidered
  From: The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. London: Routledge, 1991.

• Bibliographies
  • T.W. Adorno: A Bibliography of Work in English
    Prepared by W. Barker (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada).

  • Theodor Wiesengrund-Adorno
    A short French biography and overview. Includes a bibliography for French material. Presented by Dialectique.

• Allefeld, Carsten
  Theodor W. Adorno - Time table.

• Allefeld, Carsten [2001]
  Gidt es einen Materiebegriff bei Theodor W. Adorno? [pdf]
  Explanation of the concept of matter in the work of Adorno.

• Bronner, Stephen
  Dialectics at a Standstill: A Methodological Inquiry Into the Philosophy of Theodor W. Adorno
  In: Illuminations.

• Kattenbelt, Chiel
  Theodor W. Adorno - Televisie als exponent van de cultuurindustrie
  A Dutch contribution on television as exponent of the culture industry.

• Kaufmann, David [1995]
  Adorno and the Name of God
  Why did Adorno - aberrant Marxist, Left Hegelian par excellence, and follower of Nietsche - insist on using blatantly religious tropes?

• Welty, Gordon [1984]
  Theodor Adorno and the Culture Industry
  Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Popular Culture Association, Toronto (March 30, 1984)
  A review of Adorno's conception of the 'culture industry' as it is found in three writings: 'On Popular Music' (1941), 'Dialectic of Enlightenment' (1944), and 'Culture Industry Reconsidered' (1963). In these writings, Adorno has provided a theory of the nature of the culture product and its valuation. The standardization and interchangeability of culture products under late capitalism leads to the interchangeability of persons in the audience. Stylization has its counterpart, the pseudo-individualization of the culture product and members of the audience. Both stylization and pseudo-individualization contribute to the possibilities of mass marketing. The consequences for the audience in late capitalism are distraction on the one hand, and on the other hand, a means of ensuring the audience's 'adjustment' to its dependency. The significance of Adorno's thought on the culture industry is becoming increasingly apparent in the present era.

Aron, Raymond [1903 - 1983]

• [1955] L'Opium des intellectuels
  Pluriel: Hachette.

• [1962] Guerre interétatique et guerre intraétatique
  In: Paix et Geurre ente les Nations.
  Paris: Calmann-Lévy.

• [1963] Essai sur les libertés

• [1966] Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations
  Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, pp. 591-600.

• Biographies
  • Encyclopædia Brittannica
    Aron, Raymond

  • Romane, Cécile [1998]
    Biographie de Raymond Aron

• Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron (CRPRA)

• Commentaire [table of contents + abstracts]
  Journal found by Raymond Aron and headed by Jean-Clause Casanova.

• Chanlat, Jean-François [1982]
  Raymond Aron: l'itinéraire d'un sociologue libéral [pdf]
  In: Sociologie et sociétés, 14(2): 119-33. Octobre 1982.

• Elshtain, Jean Bethke [1998]
  The Politics of the Possible
  Review of Brian C. Anderson: Raymond Aron: The Recovery of the Political. Rowman & Littefield.
  In: First Things, nov. 1998: 52-55.

• Kimball, Roger [2001]
  Raymond Aron and the power of ideas
  From The Mew Criterion, 19(9), May 2001.

• Malis, Christian
  Raymond Aron et le concept de puissance
  Article on Aron's concept of power.

Baudrillard, Jean [1929]

• [1981] On the Murderous Capacity of Images
  Excerpt from Jean Baudrillard, The Evil Demon of Images and the Precession of Simulacra, in: Thomas Docherty (ed.) [1993] Postmodernism: A Reader New York: Columbia Univ. Press

• [1986] America
  Excerpts compiled by Chris Turner from the original in French, Americe

• [1986] America
  Excerpts compiled by Joe Witherspoon.

• {1991] The Seismic Order

• [1992] Hystericizing the Millennium
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• [1992] Reversion of History
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• [1992] Rise of the Void towards the Periphery
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• [1992] Thawing of the East
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• [1992] Strike of Events
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• [1993] Pataphysics of Year 2000
  Originally published in French as part of Jean Braudillard, L'Illusion de la fin: ou La greve des evenements. Paris: Galilee, 1992. Translated by Charles Dudas (York University).

• {1994] Radical Thought
  Translation of Jean Baudrillard's La Pensee Radicale, published in Sens /Tonka (eds.) [1994] Collection Morsure, Paris.

• [1994] Plastic Surgery for the Other
  This article first appeared in Jean Baudrillard / Marc Guillaume [1994] Figures de l'alterite. Paris: Descartes et Cie.

• [1994] No Reprieve for Serajevo
  Published in Liberation, January 8, 1994. Translated by Patrice Riemens.

• [1995] Vivisecting the 90s: An Interview with Jean Baudrillard
  An interview by Caroline Bayard and Graham Knight (Mc Master University, Hamiltion, Canada. Published in Research in Semiotic Inquiry 16(1/2), Spring 1996.

• [1996] Disneyworld Company
  An essay.

• [1997] A Conjuration of Imbeciles
  This article originallly appeared as "La conjuration des imbeciles" in Liberation on May 7, 1997. Translated by François Debrix.

• [1997] The End of the Millennium or the Countdown

• [1997] Global Debt and Parallel Universe
  Published in French by Liberation, Paris. Translated by François Debrix.

• Baudrillard on the New Technologies [1996]
  An interview with Claude Thibaut in Cybersphere
  Originally published in Style 29:314-27.

• Nunes, Mark [1995] (DeKalb College)
  Baudrillard in Cyberspace: Internet, Virtuality, and Postmodernity

• Attias, Ben
  The World of Baudrillard
  (Department of Speech Communication, School of Arts, Media, and Communication California State University Northridge, USA).

• The Baudrillard Project [1995]
  A collaborative creation by Collin Brooke, Douglas Brown, and Matthew Levy.

• S(t)imulacrum(b)
  An extensive Baudrillard page with annotated bibliography and text selections. Editor: Ben Attias (California State University Norhridge). You have to be cautious: "Objects in Mirror are closer than they appear".

• Reference
  • Baudrillard on the Web
    A list of links to works about and by Baudrillard, compiled by Alan Taylor.

  • Contemporary Philosophy, Critical Theory and Postmodern Thought
    Links to sites on Baudrillard.

Becker, Howard S.

• Howie's Home Page
  A living sociologist who created this page primarily to make things he has written and published in obscure places available to anyone who wants them.

Bell, Daniel [1919]

• Bell [1960] The End of Ideology
  Chapter 13: The Mood of Three Generations.

• Bell [1973] The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
  New York: Basic Books, ch. 6 (pp. 339-68).

• Lind, Michael [1999] Why Daniel Bell Keeps Getting it Right
  New America Foundation.

Benedict, Ruth Fulton [1887 - 1948]

• Ruth Fulton Benedict
  A short biography presented by Celebration of Women Antropologists.

• Bibliography of the writings of Ruth Benedict

• Ruth Fulton Benedict - Biography.

• Hochman, Susan K.: Ruth Fulton Benedict
  A short but informative biography. You will learn that Benedict emphasizes the power of custom and learning as an argument against nature and of the infinite capacity of human beings to change. Benedict believed that an individual could succesfully alter the conditions of her social life and in doing so, transforms society.

• The Writings of Ruth Benedict
  Vassar College Libraries, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA.

Berger, Peter L. and Luckmann, Thomas

• [1963] Invitation to Sociology. A Humanistic Perspective
  New York, Anchor Books, Doubley & Company, Inc.
  An invitation to understand society in a disciplined way for people who are naturally interested in the events that engage people's ultimate beliefs, their moments of tragedy and grandeur and ecstasy, but who are also fascinated by the commonplace, the everyday. Social reality has many layers of meaning. The discovery of each new layer changes the perceptions of the whole The fascination of sociology lies in the fact that its perspective makes us see in a new light the very world in which we have lived all our lives.
  • Chapter 1: Sociology as an individual pastime
    In the first chapter [pp. 1-24] of his Invitation to Sociology Berger presents his humanistic answers to the question "why study sociology?" In Why Study Sociology? his main arguments are -gender modified- summarized.

  • Chapter 6: Sociological Perspective: Society as Drama

  • [1963]Outline of Invitation to Sociology
    An excellent introduction to sociology. Although some material is unavoidably dated, the sociological insights aren't dated in the least.

• [1966] Society as a Human Product
  From: Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. [1966] The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, pp. 51-55, 59-61.
  In these fragments the autors explain what it means that man produces himself, i.e. the homo socius. They also argue that the causes of the emergence, maintenance and transmission of a social order can only be understood when you analyse the orgins, functions and processes of institutionalization. The origin of institutionalization is explained by the argument that all human activity is subject to habitualization. This processes of baibualization precede any institutionalization. Institutionalization itself is defined as a reciprocal typication of habitualized actions by types of actors.

• [1990] Reflections of an Ecclesiastical Expatriate
  In: The Christian Century, October 24, 1990, pp. 964-9.

• [1997] Epistemological Modesty: An Interview with Peter Berger
  In: The Christian Century, October 29, 1997, pp. 972-8.
  Berger explains why the modern challenges is how to live with uncertainty. "The basic fault lines today are not between people with different beliefs but between people who hold these beliefs with an element of uncertainty and people who hold these beliefs with a pretense of certitude. There is a middle ground between fanatism and relativism." That's what is ment by "epistemomogical modesty", you can belief certain things, but you are modest about these claims.

• [1998] Protestantism and the Quest for Certainty
  In: The Christian Century, August 26-September 2, 1998, pp. 782-796.
  Berger explains a big mistake he made in his career as a sociologist. He once believed that modernity necessarily leads to a decline in religion. But he also explains one big insight: pluralism undermines the taken-for-granted of beliefs and values. In the article the mistake and the insight are related.

• Kessel, David H.
  Berger's Motifs of Sociological Consiousness
  Kessel explains his fascination for a classic in sociology, Berger's Invitation to Sociology. In a few word he stresses the importance of Berger's ideas about how to think sociologically...especially critically. The four motifs or themes of "sociological consiousness" are illustrated from Berger's book.

• Peter L. Berger Room
  A listing of online publications on Peter Berger.

Bhaskar, Roy

• Info on Bhaskar and archive - From: Spoon Collective.

• Roy Bhaskar Interviewed
  by: Chris Norris. Published in The Philosophers' Magazine (TPM).
  Bhaskar explains why the most important problem facing mankind was that of world poverty. From thereon he explains his philosophical perspective on critical realism.

• The Web Site for Critical Realism (WSCR)
  An independent space for the study and promotion of critical realist methods and analyses. Presented by the Centre for Critical Realism (CCR).

• Gorman, David
  Critical Unrealism
  Review of Roy Bhaskar (ed.) A Meeting of Minds: Socialists discuss philosophy - towards a new symposium (London: Socialist Society, 1991).

Blau, Peter

• Social Exchange
  From: Peter Blau [1964] Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley, pp. 88-97.

• A Formal Theory of Differentiation in Organizations [Summary]
  In: American Sociological Review 25 (1970): 201-18.

Blumer, Herbert

• [1973] Der methodologische Standort des symbolischen Interaktionismus [pdf]
  In: Allagswissen, Interaction und gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit, Band I. - Arbeitsgruppe Bielefelder Soziologen (Hg.). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1973. pp. 80-101.

• Harris, C. Dodd [1996]
  Symbolic Interactionism as defined by Herbert Blumer

Boltanski, Luc

• [1989] Justesse et Justice dans le travail [pdf]
  Introduction of Luc Boltanski & Laurent Thévenot [1989] "Justesse et justice dans le travail". Cahier du centre d'études et de l'emploi. Paris: PUF, 33, p. V-VII.

• [1991] De la justification [pdf]
  Preface of Luc Boltanski & Laurent Thévenot [1991] "De la justification. Les économies de la grandeur". Paris: Gallimard, p. 6-39. It explains how the book has been written.

• La sociologie politique & morale de Luc Boltanski
  A site dedicated to the sociology of Luc Boltanksi, created by A. Rousseau and P Wright, students of the IEP in Toulouse. It offers analysis of his work, a biography and bibliograhpy, and links to online texts.

• Juhem, Philippe [1994] Un nouveau paradimge sociologique?
  In: Cahier de sociologie politique de Nanterre, vol 1, 1994, p. 82-106.
  Article on the importance of the work of Luc Boltanksi and Laurent Thévenot.

Boudon, Raymond

• [1998] A "satisfying" theory of social knowledge
  Why do people believe in fragile and false ideas? Boudon identifies three classical theories on this subject. He uses Herbert Simon's "satisficing" theory of decision to explain the magical beliefs.

• [1998] The Sense of Values
  A critical discussion of relativistic theories of values. Boudon argues that rationalist theories of axiological feellings are scientifically much more valid and promising than culturalist or naturalist theories.

• Publications of Raymond Boudon

• Biographical notes on Boudon

• Sperber, Dan [1997]
  Individualisme méthodologique et cognitivime
  In: Boudon, Raymond / Chazel, François / Bouvier, Alban (eds.) [1997] Cognition et sciences sociales. Paris: Presse Universitaires de France.

Bourdieu, Pierre [1930 - 2002]

• Bourdieu Forum
  A forum for the discussion of the topics related to Bourdieu and his work in all its aspects: aesthetic, artistic, cultural, scientific, social, philosophical and political. To subscribe to this forum, send <subscribe bourdieu> to bourdieu@lists.village.virginia.edu.

• Champs
  A mailing list for the exchange of information about the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu. Moderated by Raphaël Desanti.

• Outline of a Theory of Practice
  Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1977, chs. 2 ('Structures and the Habitus'), 4 ('Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory of Symbolic Power').

• Pierre Bourdieu - sociologue énervant
  A portal on Bourdieu, presented by Le Magazine de 'lHomme Moderne. The site presents many original texts of Bourdieu.

• Pierre Bourdieu Project
  A project that wants to help students and college professors grasp the theoretical concepts of Pierre Bourdieu. The site provides an opportunity for everyone to contribute by submitting papers, articles, essays, etc. Forums discussions.

• Synopsis of Distinction: Chap. 5, "The Sense of Distinction"
  Society of Social Research Page, University of Chicago.

• By Bourdieu
  • [1987] The Biographical Illusion
    In: Working Papers and Proceedings of the Center for Psychosocial Studies, (Chicago), 14:1-7.

  • [1988] Of Interest and the Relative Autonomy of Symbolic Power
    In: Working Papers and Proceedings of the Center for Psychosocial Studies, (Chicago), 20:1-11.

  • [June, 1991] Espíritus de Estado. Génesis y estructura del campo burocrático
    Spanish translation of Esprits d'État. Genèse et structure du champ bureaucratique. A lecture on a conference in Amsterdam, 29 June 1991. Published in Actes RSS, nr. 96/97:49-62.

  • [1995] Combattre la technocratie sur son terrain
    Discours aux cheminots grevistes - Paris, Gare de Lyon, 12 decembre 1995.

  • [1996] Was bin Ich? or French translation: Que sui-je?
    Interview with Pierre Bourdieu of Isabelle Graw. In: The Thing (Vienna, Switzerland).

  • [April, 1996] La télévision peut-elle critiquer la tétélevision?
    Le Monde Diplomatique.

  • [Oct., 1996] Sociologie et démocratie
    Tribune Libre, 3 (1996).

  • [June 1997] La dominación masculina
    (The male domination)
    In: La Ventana Revista de estudios de género, nr. 3. Translation of: La domination masculine. Paris: Seuil.

  • [July 1997] Der Beitrag der Intellektuellen
    (The contribution of Intellectuals)

  • [Mai, 1998] The Essence of Neoliberalism | L'essence du néolibélisme
    Le Monde Diplomatique.

  • [Aug., 1998] De la domination masculine
    La Monde Diplomatique, nr. 533.

  • [June, 1999] Pour un mouvement social européen
    Le Monde Diplomatique.

  • [Jan, 2001] Pour un savoir engagé
    Le Monde Diplomatique.

• Bibliographies

  • Bourdieu Bibliographies
    Centre for European Sociology and Pierre Bourdieu: bibliographies and guides to reading. Editor: Henry Barnard (School of Global Studies, Massey University, New Zealand).

  • HyperBourdieu
    A comprehensive, contextual and referential bibliography and mediography of Bourdieu's works and public statements. Created by Ingo Mörth and Gerhard Fröhlich (Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria).

  • Pierre Bourdieu Bibliography - Editor: Henry Barnard.

  • Des textes de Pierre Bourdieu
  
  

• On Bourdieu
  • Beasley-Murray, Jon [1995]
    Value and Capital in Bourdieu and Marx
    Papers in the Marxism Archive (Spoons Collective): presented at 'Pierre Bourdieu - fieldwork in philosophy conference', Duke University, 21-23 April 1995.

  • Beck, Ulrich [1997]
    Mißverstehen als Fortschrift - Europäische Intellektuele im Zeitalter der Globalisierung
    Laudatio by the Ernst-Bloch prize.

  • Jacobs, Dirk [1993]
    De synthese van handelings: en systeemtheorie in de structuratietheorie van Anthony Giddens en de praxeologie van Pierre Bourdieu. - University of Ghent: MA Thesis. See abstract.

  • Fowler, Bridget (University of Glasgow)
    Pierre Bourdieu and La Domination Masculine
    In her critical review of La Domination Masculine [Seuil 1998] Fowler discusses Bourdieu's theory of gender relations.

  • Graw, Isabelle [1996]
    Ein Interview mit Pierre Bourdieu - The Thing, Vienna.

  • Krauss, Hartmut [2001]
    Zwischen Subjektivismus und Objektivismus. Zum Erkenntnisgehalt der theoretischen Konzeption Pierre Bourdieus
    Glasnost-archiv.

  • Lawley, Elizabeth Lane [1994]
    The Sociology of Culture in Computer-Mediated Communication. An Initial Exploration.

  • Loesberg, Jonathan [1993]
    Bourdieu and the Sociology of Aesthetics
    In:ELH 60(4):1033-1056.

  • Mex, Bernd [2000]
    Störenfeind in der linken Idylle?
    In: Forum Wissenschaft / Linksnet.de

  • Varenne, Hervé [1996] (Columbia University, USA)
    Review of 'Homo Academicus'
    In: Teachers College Record 91:263-265.

  • Weill, Nocolas [2001]
    Pierre Bourdieu, sujet du dernier cours de Pierre Bourdieu
    In: Le Monde, 29.3.01.
    In his last lecture on the Collège de France, Bourdieu spoke on himself as a sociological object. Weill summarizes some important notions he presented.

  • Wacquant, Loïc [2002] (Univ. of California, Berkeley, USA)
    Blues, boxe et sociologie
    In: Le Nouvel Observateur, januari 2002, no. 1943.

Coleman, James S. [1926 - 1995]

• Biography of James S. Coleman
  In: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001.

• Bornmann, Lutz (Kiel, German)
  Grundbegriffe und leitende Annahmen der Sozialtheorie James S. Coleman
  A short article on the fundamental concepts and propositions of Coleman's social theory.

• James S. Colemans Foundations of Social Theory (II) & (II)
  Analyse & Kritik, 2/1993 and 1/1993.

Collins, Randall

• Homepage of Collins at the Sociology Department of the University of PEnnsylvania

• [1974] The Basics of Conflict Theory
  From: Randall Collins [1974] Conflict Sociology. New York: Academic Press, pp.56-61.

• [1975] Outline of Organizations in Conflict Sociology
  From: Randall Collins [1975] "Organizations" in Conflict Sociology: Toward an Explanatory Science. New York: Academic Press.

• [1979] The Late Twentieth-Century Credential Crisis
  From: Randall Collins [1979] The Credential Society. New York: Academic Press, pp. 191-204.

• [1984] The Role of Emotion in Social Structure
  In: Ekman, Paul / Scherer, Klaus R. / Erlbaum, Lawrence [1984] Approaches to Emotion, Chapter 18
  New Jersey London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

• [1992] Weber's Last Theory of Capitalism: A Systematization
  In: Granovetter, Mark / Swedberg, Richard [1992] The Sociology of Economic Life, Chapter 3.
  Westview Press.

• [1992] Foreword
  In: Hilbert, Richard A. [1992] The Classical Roots of Ethnomethodology,: Durkheim, Weber and Garfinkel.
  University of North Carolina Press.

• [1992] Interview with Randall Collins conducted by Lara Kreps

• [1993] Liberals and Conservatives, Religious and Political: A Conjuncture of Modern History
  In: Sociology of Religion 54(2):127.

• [1994] Four Sociological Traditions
  New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• [2000] & Walter, David V.: Predictions of Geopolitical Theory and the Modern World-System
  In: Derluguian, Georgi M. / Greer, Scott, L.: Questioning Geopolitics: Political Projects in a Changing World-System, Chapter 4.
  Westport/London: Praeger.

• The Multiplie Fronts of Economic Sociology
  Editorial essay in the Economic Sociology Section of the ASA.

Comte, Auguste [1798 - 1857]

• [1822] Plan des traveaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société
  The text that founded sociology.

• [1924] Lettre d'Auguste Comte à M. Valet (A letter from Comte to his friend Valat)

• [1844] Discours sur l'Esprit positif
  Biliothèque Nationale de France, Gallica

• [1848] Discours sur l'Ensemble du Positivisme / A General View of Positivism

• [1851-4] Système de Politique Positive ou Traité de Sociologie

• [1854] On the Positivistic Approach to Society [extract]
  From: Auguste Come, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. NY: Calvin Blanchard. Vol. 2: 68-74 and 95-110.

• Auguste Comte and Positivism
  Part of the Clotilde project of the "International Positivist Society". It includes: Comte's choosen texts, Comte's mottos, a complete bibliography of comtean positivism, bio-bibliographies of disciples, and much more.

• Comte Bibliography
  Works by and about Auguste Comte. Edited by: Ed Stephan (Western Washington Univ.).

• Works of Auguste Comte

• L'Oeuvre d'Auguste Comte présentée par lui-même
  Auguste Comte Works as Presented by Himself.

• Kreis, Steven [1998-9]
  The Age of Ideologies (3): The World of Auguste Comte

• Kropotkin, Peter [1903]
  Auguste Comte's Attempt to build up a Synthetic Philosophy

Cooley, Charles Horton [1864 - 1929]

• [1902] The Looking Glass Self
  From: Charles Horton Cooley [1902] Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Scribner's, pp.179-85.

• [1909] Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind
  New York: Charles Schribner's Sons.

• [1909] On Primary Groups
  From: Charles Horton Cooley [1909] Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. New York: CharlesScribner's Sons, pp. 25-31.

• [1912] Valuation as a Social Process
  The Psychological Bulletin, Vol. IX. No. 12 Decembter 15, 1912.

• [1913a] The Institutional Character of Pecuniary Valuation
  American Journal of Sociology, 18: 543-555.

• [1913b] The Sphere of Pecuniary Valuation
  American Journal of Sociology, 19: 188-203.

• [1913c] The Progress of Pecuniary Valuation Quarterly Journal of Economics, 30: 1-21.

• [1918] Social Process
  New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

• [1920] Reflections Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer
  In: American Journal of Sociology 26 : 129-45.

• [1922] Human Nature and the Social Order (Revised edition).
  New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

• [1920] Reflections upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer
  American Journal of Sociology, 26: 129-145.

• Bibliography of Charles Horton Cooley

Coser, Lewis

• Functions of Social Conflict
  From: Lewis Coser [1956] The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, pp. 151-7.

• Max Weber on bureaucracy

• Rationalization and disenchantment

Crompton, Rosemary

• Books written or edited by Rosemary Crompton [AddALL]

Crozier, Michel [1922]

• C.V. de Michel Crozier

• [1991] La sociologie du travail dans le discours sociologique: les paradoxes de la marginalisation et de l'éclatement [pdf]
  (The Sociology of Work in Sociological Discourse: the Paradoxes of Marginalisation and Rupture)
  Sociologie et sociétés 23(2): 57-60.

• Kaplan, Buck [1995]
  Four Accounts of Sociological Rationality
  A comparison of the treatment given to rationality and irrationality by Weber, Simon, Crozier, and DiMaggio and Powell. The author demonstrates how rationality is socially contstructed in an organizational setting.

Dahrendorf, Ralf [1929]

• [1959] The Classes: The unwritten 52nd Chapter of Volume III of Marx's Capital [extract]
  From: Ralf Dahrendorf [1959] Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 3-18.

• [1959] Classes in Post-Capitalist Society [extract]
  From: Ralf Dahrendorf [1959] Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 241-8.

• [1968] Gibt es noch Klassen? - Die Begriffe der "sozialen Schicht" und "sozialen Klasse" in der Sozialanalyse der Gegenwart [pdf] or html
  In: Seidel, B. / Jenkner, S. [1968] Klassenbildung und Sozialschichtung". Darmstadt, pp. 279-96.

Du Bois, William Edwards Burghardt [1868 - 1963]

• [1897] The Conservation of Races (Gutenberg EBook) | including comments of Robert W. Williams
  In: The American Negro Academy Occational Papers, no. 2.

• [1897] The Essentials in the Struggle
  From: Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870, Chapter XII.

• [1897] Strivings of the Negro People
  In: Atlantic Monthly 80: 194-8.

• [1898] The Study of the Negro Problems
  In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. xi, January 1898, pp. 1-23.

• [1899] A Negro Schoolmaster in the New South
  In: Atlantic Monthly 83: 99-104.

• [1901] The Freedman's Bureau
  In: Atlantic Monthly 87: 354-65.

• [1902] Of the Training of Black Men
  In: Atlantic Monthly 90: 289-97.

• [1903] The Souls of Black Folks
  February 1, 1903.

• [1903] The Laboratory in Sociology at Atlanta University
  In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 21 (May 1903).

• [1913] Socialism and the Negro Problem
  In: The New Review. A Weekly Review of International Socialism, 1 February 1913.

• [1915] The African Roots of the War
  In: The Atlantic, May 1915.

• [1925] The Black Man Brings His Gifts
  In: The Survey Graphic Harlem Number (March 1925).

• [1926] Criteria of Negro Art
  In: The Crisis. Speach at a celebration for the recipient of the 12th Spingarn Medal, Carter Godwin Woodson.

• [1944] Jacob and Esau
  In: The Talladegan. Vol. LXII, November 1944, pp. 1-6.

• Poems: Of the Sorrow Songs [1903] Credo [1904] | The Song of Smoke [1907]

• Biography - Thomas Hampson

• WebDuBois.org
  Annotated links to online writings by and about W.E.B. Du Bois. The site includes links to works of social science, literature, biography, and political activism. Editor: Robert W. Williams.

• W.E.B. Du Bois Stamp

• The W.E.B. Du Bois Virtual University
  A series of pages detailing various aspects of Du Bois Studies. Editor: Jennifer Wager. It contains a bibliography, a biography and links to some online material.

• Monteiro, Anthony [1995] The Science of Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

• Monteiro, Anthony [1995] W.E.B. Du Bois: Scholar, Scientist, and Activist

• Wager, Jennifer [1994] W.E.B. Du Bois: Freedom Fighter

Durkheim, Émile [1858 - 1917]

• The Durkheim Pages
  Devoted to the presentation of information concerning Emile Durkheim. Contents: Some full texts, a complete bibliography of Durkheim's work, a timeline describing important events related to Durkheim and the Third French Republic, a glossary of terms and concepts, a bibliography of secondary material, news, a list of Durkheim scholars and mailing list, and Durkheimian Studies information. Editor: Robert Alun Jones (Univ. of Illinois, USA).

• Emile Durkheim
  An informative undergraduate source for the thought, concepts, and writings of Durkheim. Contains both secondary information and over 70 Durkheim quotes on various topics linke anomie, religion, the division of labor, suicide, and others. Editor: L. Joe Dunman (Murray State University, USA).

• Biography
  • Coser, Lewis [1977] The Person
    From: Lewis A. Coser [1977] Masters of Sociological Thought, pp. 143-44.

  • Gravitz, Madeleine [1977] Émile Durkheim, Sa vie et son oeuvre
    In: idem [1996] Méthodes des sciences sociales. Dalloz.

  • Jones, Robert Alun [1986] Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work
    Excerpts from Robert Alun Jones [1986] Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, pp. 12-23.
  
  

• Bibliography
  • A Bibliography of Works by Durkheim
    A complete bibliography of Durkheim's published works, including the original French as well as existing English translations. Editor: Robert Alun Jones.

  • Bibliography of Secondary Literature on Durkheim
    Editor: Robert Alun Jones.
  
  

• [1883] Du Rôle des Grands Hommes dans la Société or pdf
  Cahier internationaux de sociologie 43:25-32.

• [1884] Sens Lectures
  English abstract of the recently discovered transcript of Durkheim's philosophy lectures at the Lyçée de Sens. Student lecture notes taken from Durkheim's course on philosophy in 1883-84. Notes taken by the French philosopher, Andre Lalande. Written manuscript: Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne, Manuscript 2351.
  Warren Schmaus has written a review on Durkheim's Sens lectures.

• [1885a] Schaeffle, A, Bau und Leben des sozialen Körpers: Erster Band
  Revue philosophique 19:84-101.

• [1885b] Fouillée, A. La Propriété sociale et la démocratie
  Revue philosophique 19: 446-453.

• [1885c] Glumplowicz, Ludwig, Grundriss der Soziologie
  Revue philosophique 20:627-34.

• [1886a] Les Études de science sociale
  Revue philosophique 22: 61-80.
  A review of Herbert Spencer [1885] Ecclesiastical Institutions: part 6 of Principles of Sociology, A. Regnard L'État, ses origines, sa nature et son but, A. Coste / Aug. Burgeau / Lucine Arréat [1886] Les questions sociales contemporaines, A. Schaeffle [1885] Die Quintessenz des Sozialismus.

• [1886b] DeGreef, Guillaime, Introduction à la sociologie
  Revue philosophique 22: 658-63.

• [1887a] La Philosophie dans les universités allemandes
  Revue international de l'enseignement 13: 313-38, 423-40.

• [1887b] Guyau, M. L'Irreligion de l'avenir
  Revue philosophique 23: 299-311.

• [1887c] La Science positive de la morale en Allemagne
  Revue philosophique 24: 33-58, 113-42, 275-84.
  Review essay on Wagner, Schmoller, Schaeffle, Ihering, Wundt and Post.

• [1887d] Nécrologie d'Hommay
  In: Victor Hommay: hommage à une chère mémoire, pp. 23-48.

• [1888a] Cours de science sociale: l&eccedil;on d'ouverture
  Revue international de l'enseignement 15: 23-48.
  Opening lecture of Durkheim's first course, "La Solidarité," given at the University of Bordeaux in 1887-88.

• [1888b] Le Programme économique de M. Schaeffle
  Revue d'économie politique 11?3-7.

• [1888c] Introduction à la sociologie de la famille
  Annales de la Faculté des Lettres de Bordeaux 257-81.
  Opening lecture of the 1888-89 course entitled "La Famille: origins, types principaux."

• [1893] The Division of Labor in Society
  • Complete English Version
    Published by The Free Press in 1947, and presented on the web by questia. Translated by George Simpson.

  • De la division du travail social or from Bristol Univ. UK
    The complete French version.

  • Excerpt from Robert Alun Joines, Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 1986, pp. 24-59.

  • On the Division of Labor - From: Emile Durkheim [1947] The Division of Labor in Society (Translated by George Simpson). New York: The Free Press.
  
  

• [1895] The Rules of Sociological Method
  • Excerpt from Robert Alun Jones, Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 1986, pp. 60-81.

  • Rules for the Explanation of Social Facts
    From: Emile Durkheim [1982] The Rules of the Sociological Method (Ed. by Steven Lukes; trans. by W.D. Halls). New York: Free Press, chapter V.

• [1897] Suicide
  • Excerpt from Robert Alun Joines, Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 1986, pp. 82-114.

  • Types of Suicide - TS, pp. 213-18.

  • Anomic Suicide - TS, pp. 916-29.

  • On the Normality of Crime - pp. 872-75 in: Theories of Society, edited by Talcott Parsons, Edward Shils, Kaspar D. Naegele, and Jesse R. Pitts. New York: Free Press.
  
  

• [1912] The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
  • Complete Version
    Published by The Free Press, New York. Translated from the French by Joseph Ward Swain.

  • Excerpt from Robert Alun Jones, Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 1986, pp. 115-155.

  • The Elementary forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press. 'Introduction'; book 1, ch. 1 ('Definition of Religious Phenomena and of Religion'); book 2, ch. 7 ('Origins of the Idea of the Totemic Principle of Mana's'); 'Conclusion'.

• [1914] Pragmatism & the Question of Truth
  Pragmatism is much less of an undertaking to encourage action than an attack on pure speculation and theoretical thought. Durkheim discusses the pragmatist doctrines (such as everything is reducable to a purely logical construction) and establishes a parallel between pragmatism and sociology.

• [1921] The conjugal family [pdf]
  In: On Institutional Analysis. Chicago/London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1978, p.229-30; originally published in Revue philosophique 90:1-4.

• [1858-1917] Emile Durkheim - A Collection of Essays, with Translations and a Bibliography
  Editor: Kurt H. Wolff. Published in 1960 by the Ohio State Universty Press.

• Gans, Eric [2000]
  The Sacred and the Social: Defining Durkheim's Anthropological Legacy
  In: Anthropoetics 6(1).

• Lehmann, Jennifer M. [1994]
  Durkheim and Women

• Schwartz, Barry [1991]
  Mourning and the Making of a Sacred Symbol: Durkheim and the Lincoln Assassination
  In: Social Forces 70(2): 343-65

Elias, Norbert [1897 - 1990]

• Norbert Elias and Process Sociology
  Identifies and provides internet resources for all social scientists working with the ideas of Norbert Elias and process sociology. They have a special discussion group "Elias-I listserv" and you can contact them directly by e-mail: Robert van Krieken (Univ. of Sydney, Australia).

• Elias Bibliographies by Robert van Krieken.

• http://www.kuwi.uni-linz.ac.at/hyperelias/z-elias/
  A comprehensive bibliography and mediagraphy of the works and public statements by Elias.

• Elias Papers in Marbach am Neckar
  The unpublished papers of Norbert Elias are available for research purposes.

• Processes of State formation and Nation Building - Elias' 1970 ISA paper.

• Elias Interview: 'We have not learnt to control nature and ourselves enough'.
  By: Aafke Steenhuis. Originally: De Groene Amsterdammer 16.5.1984, pp. 10-11.

• Blackburn, David [1996]
  Norbert Elias
  In: La Pépublique des Lettres.

• Bornmann, Lutz (Kiel, Germany)
  Die Soziologie Norbert Elias

• Krieken, Robert van (University of Sydney)
  Norbert Elias - Key Sociologist
  A book about the live and work of N. Elias. Table of content and chapter 1 are online.

• Mastenbroek, Willem
  • [2000] Norbert Elias as organiational sociologist

  • [2000] Organizational behaviour as emotion management

Elster, Jon

• Jon Elster Homepage - Norway
  An overview of all the works of Jon Elster (articles, books, reviews, debates). Some of his articles are full-text. Editor: Hans O. Melberg.

• [1990] Mertons's Functionalism and the Unintended Consequences of Action
  In: Jon Clark / Celia Mogdil / Sohan Modgil (eds.) Robert Merton: Consensus and Controversy. London /New York: Falmer Press, pp. 129-35.

• [1993] Some Unresolved Problems in the Theory of Rational Behavior
  In: Acta Sociologica 36(3): 179-90.

• [1997] More Than Enough
  Review of Gary S. Becker (1966) Accounting for Tastes, The University of Chicago Law Review 62(2): 749-64.

• [1998] A plea for mechanisms
  In: Peter Hedstrøm and Richard Swedberg (eds.) Social Mechanism: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory.
  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 3 (pp. 45-73).

Etzioni, Amitai

• Amitai Etzioni
  Information about and by Etzioni, including links to his online available works. Presented by The Communitarian Network.

• Amitai Etzioni Not
  Etzioni's weblog presenting personal and communitarian reflections.

• Selznick, Philip [1999]
  Tribute to Amitai Etzioni
  Presented at the 11th Annual Meeting on Socio-Economics, Madison, Wisconsin, July 9, 1999.

• Welty, Gordon [1991]
  Moral y Koncurencia [ Social and Economic Philosophy]
  In: Nove Vreme (1991), no. 12, pp. 30-38.
  A critique on Amatai Etzioni's "Socio-Economics" in light of the social thought of Adam Smith.

Ferguson, Adam [1723 - 1816]

• [1767] An Essay on the History of Civil Society [Mcmaster] | [Constitution Society]

• Infantino, Lorenzo: La Lezione di Ferguson

• Méndez, Francisco Vega
  La Sociedad Civil en la Concepción de Adam Ferguson

• Sher, Richard B. : Selected Bibliography

• Adam Ferguson Institute (AFI)

• Wikipedia: Adam Ferguson

Foucault, Michel [1926 - 1984]

Biography / Bibliography



• Foucault Pages at CSUN
  A site dedicated to exploring the work of Foucault. It contains a genealogy of Foucault, discussion lists, links and online essays. Editor: Ben Attias.

• Foucault.Info

• The Foucauldian
  Resources for the studying of Michel Foucault. The site contains a bibliography, extracts, a FAQ and some links.

• Michel Foucault (www.theory.org.uk)

• Michel Foucault
  Editor: Clare O'Farrell.

• Foucault Site
  Printed and Web Resources on Foucault. Compiled by Gen Nakayama.

• A few references to Michel Foucault
  Gathered by Jennings, Patrick (Canada).

  Primary Sources

• [1967/87] Of other Spaces: Heterotopias [French version]
  From: Dits et écrits 1984: 46-9. Translated by Jay Miskowiec.

• [1969] The Archaeology of Knowledge
  Introduction and first three chapters: The Unities of Discourse; Discursive Formations and The Formation of Objects.

• [1973] I, Pierre Riviere, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother... - Foreword [mirror]
  See also the interview (1976) with Foucault on this book.

• [1974] Truth and Judicial Forms [Excerpt}
  In: Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984: Volume Three. Translated by Robert Hurley. The New York Press.

• [1975] Discipline and Punish (Surveiller et Punir)
  Two chapters from Foucault's Discipline and Punish: Panopticism; Torture.

• [1975] Body/Power
  Interview from "Power/Knowledge, Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977". Interviewers: editorial collective of Quel Corps?

• [1977] What is an Author? [Excerpt]
  In: Donald F. Bouchard (ed.) Language, Counter-Memory, Practice. New York: Cornell University Press, 1977, pp. 124-7.

• [1978] What is Enlightenment? [French version] [Russian version]
  Translation of Qu'est-ce que les Lumières? by Methew Hensen.
  In: P. Rabinow (ed.) The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 32.50.

• [1983] The Culture of the Self
  Listen to the discourses and discussions recorded on 12 th and 19th April at the Berkeley Language Center.

• [2002] Attention Foucault!
  Radio programs broadcasted during January 2002 by France Culture. You can listen some of the courses by Michel Foucault and other interviews.

  Secundary Sources

• Alt, Casey
  The Birth of the Clinic
  A very visual Foucault site explaining the birth of the modern clinic.

• O'Farrell, Clare [1989]
  A New Generation of Thinkers
  From: Clare O'Farrell [1989] Foucault: Historian or Philosopher? London: Macmillan. pp. 1-19.

• Farrel, Francis
  Some thoughts on Foucault and Zen

• Miller, James / Lilla, Mark [1995]
  La Passion Foucault

• Olivier, Lawrence / Noël, Roger [1993]
  Michel Foucault: problématique pour une histoire de l'homosexualité
  In: Revue sexuologique / Sexological Review 2(1).
  The history of homosexuality has primarily focused on two aspects: the process of repression/liberation and the problematic of the historical development of homosexuality. By emphasizing the oppression experienced by the gay community and by studying homosexuality as part of a larger history of sexuality, both approaches have neglected significant elements of the specific history of homosexuality. Foucault’s work on homosexuality enables us to rethink the way this history has been presented by demonstrating that repression has not been the mechanism through which "perverse" sexuality has been controlled in western societies. Foucault also suggests that the concept of friendship emerging in the West during the 17th and 18th centuries may prove to be an auspicious avenue to explore when seeking a fuller history of homosexuality. Lastly, Foucault opens new perspectives on political practices. In contrast with the politics of liberation, he suggests putting liberty at the center of one’s sexuality (homosexuality), an alternative that seeks to create new social relationships, a new culture.

• Zine, Mohammed Chaouki
  L'a priori historique et le diagnostic de l'actualité chez Michel Foucault

• Zine, Mohammed Chaouki
  Mystique et mystère du pouvoir, Michel de Certeau et Michel Foucault

Fromm, Erich [1900 - 1980]

• [1939] Selfishness and Self-Love [pdf]

• [1942] Character and the Social Process
  Appendix to Fear of Freedom.

• [1944] Individual and Social Origins of Neurosis [pdf]
  In: American Sociological Review, ix(4), August 1944.

• [1957] The Humanistic Science of Man
  Fromm outlines the program of a new institute for the science of man.

• [1958] The Influence of Social Factors in Child Development (German version)

• [1959] Freedom in the Work Situation
  In: Michael Harrington and Paul Jacobs (eds.) [1959] Labor in a Free Society, pp. 1-16.
  Fromm explains why the only alternative to the danger of robotism is humanistic communitarianism. "Changes in ownership must be made to the extent necessary to create a community of work, and to prevent the profit motive from directing production into socially harmful directions. Income must be equalized to the extent of giving everybody the material basis for a dignified life and thus preventing economic differences from creating a fundamentally different experience of life among various social classes. Man must be reinstituted in his supreme place in society - never a means, never a thing to be used by others or by himself."

• [1962] Erich Fromm's Humanist Credo [German version]
  In: Erich Fromm [1962] Beyond the Chains of Illusions New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 174-82.
  Fromm explains what he believes in. "I believe in freedom, in men's right to be himself, to assert himself and to fight all those who try to prevent him from being himself. But freedom is more thant the absense of violent oppression. It is more than 'freedom from'. It is 'freedom to' - the freedom to become independent; the freedom to be much, rather than to have much, or to use things and people."

• [1974] Die Zukunft des Menschen und die Frage der Destruktivität [pdf]
  Interview by Robert Jungk on Fromm's contribution to the question of human agression.

• Erich Fromm
  A site from Germany that includes a biography, a bibliography, online reading, and a Fromm forum. Some of the articles are original writings by Fromm some of which were published here for the first time. The collection of secondary literature about Fromm comprises papers previously published in the "Yearbooks of the Erich Fromm Society" or that were printed in the "Fromm Forum". The best place to start. In German and English language.

• McLaughlin, Neil [1999] (Department of Sociology, McMaster University, Canada) Origin Myths in the Social Sciences: Fromm, the Frankfurt School and the Emergence of Critical Theory
  Canadian Journal of Sociology 24: 109-39.

Garfinkel, Harold [1917]

• UCLA page of Garfinkel

• [1967] Some essential features of common understandings (summary)
  From: Harold Garfinkel [1967/84] Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 38-44, 75.
  Garfinkel demonstrates why common understandings cannot possibly consist of a measured amount of shared agreement among persons on certain topics. In many matters we can understand each other in a conversation although we don't mention the specific matters. We can understand certain matters on the basis of not only of what was actually said but what was left unspoken. Garfinkel explains how this is possible and how professional sociologists can rediscover common sense knowledge and common sense activities.

• [1967] Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities (summary)
  From: Harold Garfinkel [1967] Studies in Ethnomethodology. Polity Press, ch. 2.
  When you examine the exchange that takes place in a conversation between two people, you realize soon that there are many things that are understood between these people than are actually mentioned (especially when these people have a standing relationship). We can understand matters on the basis of what was unspoken. This points to underlying properties of conversational exchange and the rules which govern them in daily live. The rule governed activities of everyday life constitute the moral order of society. To test his hypotheses, Garfinkel sent forth a legion of students to conduct conversational breaching experiments. Students were instructed to question everything they were being told by asking what was meant. One of the conclusions of these experiments was that background knowledge is important and is understood as such when it is shared. However, the possibility of common understanding does not consist in demonstrated measures of shared knowledge of social structure, but consists instead and entirely in the enforceable character of actions in compliance with the exigencies of everyday life as a morality. Common sense knowledge of the facts of social life for the members of the society is institutionalized knowledge of the real world.

• Ethnomethodology (SocioSite)

Geertz, Clifford [1926]

• Geertz Personal Page
  Including a curriculum vitae and a complete bibliography of his works.

• HyperGeertz - WorldCatalogue
  A comprehensive, contextual and referential bibliography and mediagraphy of the works and public statements by one of the most important social scientists of our time, Clifford Geertz. Presented by Ingo Mörth and Gerhard Fröhlich (Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria).

• [1964] Ideology as a Cultural System
  In: Apter, David Ernest (ed.) [1964] Ideology and discontent. New York: Glencoe. pp. 47-76.

• [1973] Emphasizing Interpretation
  From: C. Geertz [1973] The Interpretation of Cultures.

• [1973] Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture
  In: Geertz [1973] The Interpretation of cultures: selected essays. New York: Basis Books. pp. 3-30.

• [1976] Art as a Cultural System
  In: Modern Language Notes 91(6): 1473-99.

• [1991] Clifford Geertz on ethnography and social construction
  Interview by Gary A. Olson, in Journal of Advanced Composition. 11(2): 245-68.

• [2000] Passage and Accident: A Life of Learning
  Chapter I of "Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics"

• [2000, May] Indonesia: Starting Over
  In: The New York Review of Books, May 11, 2000.

• [2001] Life Among the Anthros
  A review of "Darkness in Eldorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon", by Patrick Tierney. In: The New York Review of Books, February 8, 2001.

• Windschuttle, Keith [2002]
  The ethnocentrism of Clifford Geertz
  In: The New Criterion, 21(2). Article on Geertz' "Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics". He discusses Geetz' concept of "thick description": human gesturs often have multiple layers of meaning that can only be described through the symbols used by a culture. Together with sharp descriptions of all his other contributions, it is an intellectual portrait of Geertz.

Geiger, Theodor [1891 - 1952]

• Biography
  • Biographie Geiger
    In: 50 Klassiker der Soziologie.
  • Theodor Geiger
    In: Psychventral.com
  • Wikipedia: Theodor Geiger

• [1930] Erziehung als Gegenstand der Soziologie
  In:Die Erziehung. Monatsschrift für den Zusammmenhang von Kultur und Erziehung in Wissenschaft und Leben, 5(7). Verlag Quelle und Meyer, Leipzig 1930. pp. 405-27.

• Theorie der Sozialen Schichtung [pdf]
  In: Theodor Geiger [1962] Arbeiten zur Soziologie. Neuwied, Teil II, Chap. 10: 186-205.

• Eckert, Thomas
  Die Schichtungstheorie von Theodor Geiger
  On Geiger's theory of social stratification.

Giddens, Anthony [1938]

• Giddens Home Page
  • fact file

  • publications - Articles (FindArticles)

  • Books on the Work of Anthony Giddens

  • FAQs
    Responses to a selection of the most frequent questions about key areas in the social sciences. Click on the questions, and Giddens provides the answers.

• [1984] The Constitution of Society
  Berkeley: University of California Press - Extracts and Annotations by G.R. Thursby. Also in French: La constitution de la société (Paris: PUF 1987).

• [1991] Living in the World: Dilemmas of the Self
  From: Anthony Giddens [1991] Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 187-201.

• [1991] The Concept of "Pure Relationship"
  From: Anthony Giddens [1991] Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 187-201.

• [1998] Vertrauen und Reflexivität in der posttraditionalen Gesellschaft [ Moved to ...?]

• [1999] Globalization, Risk, Tradition, Family, and Democracy
  Five BBC lectures of Anthony Giddens. All lectures are available in text, audio and video.

• [2003] Sociology
  The online compagnon for using the 4th edition of Giddens' book. The site offers textbook and reader information, a sociology resource centre, wider reading and FAQs, lectures on key topics, new articles and an interview with Anthony Giddens.

• Fitzgerald, Tony
  • Globalization
    A critical examination of Giddens'analysis of globalization in the context of the modernisation process.
  • The Third Way: Searching for a state without enemies!
    An explanation of the 'third way' in contemporary European and North American politics.

• Rammert, Werner [2000]
  Giddens und die Gesellschaft der Heinzelmännchen
  Article on the sociology of technical agents and multi agent systems.

• Theory.org [2002]
  Anthony Giddens
  An introduction to Giddens' general 'structuration theory' plus more detail on his ideas about self, gender and identity in modern societies. Written by David Gauntlett.

• Wiering, Frank [1999]
  DNW interview met Anthony Giddens

Goffman, Erving [1922 - 1982]

• Erving Goffman Biography
  Part of The Goffman Reader, by: Charles Lemert and Ann Branaman.

• Goffman Biography
  by Gadi Algazi (Tel Aviv University, Israel)

• Erving Goffmann by B. Diane Blackwood
  Article for Magill's Guide to the 20th Century Authors (1977) Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.

• Erving Goffman Books
  Keith Appleby's Research Resources in Social Science.

• [1959] The Arts of Impression Management
  From: Erving Goffman [1959] The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday, pp. 208-12.

• [1959] Presentation of Self
  From Erving Goffman [1959] The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday, pp. 22-30, 70-76.

• [1974] Frame Analysis
  New York: Harper, 1974, 1-39.

• Becker, Howard S. [1999]
  The Politics of Presentation: Goffman and Total Institutions

• Bernhart, Adam D. [1994]
  Erving Goffman: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

• Brönnimann, Christoph [Oktober 1997]
  Welchen Beitrag leistet Goffmans Interaktionstheorie bei der Analyse neuer Interaktionsformen?
  Article on the contribution of Goffmans interaction theory to the analysis of computer-mediated interaction.

• Freidson, Eliot [July 1983]
  Celebrating Erving Goffman
  A paper read at a memorial session for Erving Goffman at the Eastern Sociological Society meeting in Baltimore, March 4, 1983. Freidson discusses Goffman's early work. It was published in Contemporary Sociology, 12 (4) July, 1983: 359-362.

• Miller, Hugh [1995]
  Goffman on the Internet

• Miller, Hugh / Mather, Russel [1998]
  The Presentation of Self in WWW Home Pages

• Travers, Andrews [1997]
  Manning, Philip: Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology [review]
  Reviewing Sociology 10(1).

• Young, T.R.
  • [1995] The Dramaturgical Society — Macro-Analysis in Dramaturgy
    

  • [April 1987] Hard Times and Hard Tomatoes: The Plight of Symbolic Interactional theory in a Interactionally Deficient Society

• Young, T.R / Massey, Garth [1971]
  The Dramaturgical Society: Macro-Analysis and Dramatugical Presentments
  The writings of Goffman have illuminated the dramaturgical components of face-to-face interaction. But the task of developing a substantive and theoretical explication of the dramaturgical society remains. Young & Massey try to expand the dramaturgical analysis to the macro-societal.

Goudsblom, Joop / Johan [1932]

• Bibliography - till 1959

• [1969] Interview with Norbert Elias
  In: Sociologische Gids 17(2): 133-40.

Gouldner, Alvin W. [1920 - 1980]

• Bibliography - Questia

• [1980] The Two Marxisms

• [1960] The Norm of Reciprocity
  From Alvin W. Gouldner [1960] "The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement." American Sociological Review 25: 161-78.

• Miyahara, Kojiro [2000]
  Alvin Gouldner: Studies on Bureaucracy and theNew Class Project [pdf]

Gramsci, Antonio [1891 - 1937]

• Bibliography of the Works of Antonio Gramsci
  Publications of his writings in 27 languages. Editor: John M. Cammett.

• Resources on Antonio Gramsci
  An introduction to the work of Gramsci and an online search of the complet Gramsci bibliography which includes some 11,430. The site is developed and maintained by Dean Savage (Queens College-CUNY) and Jesse Reichler (University of Illinois). items.

• International Gramsci Society Newsletters

• Fondazione Istituto Gramsci
  The site contains bibliographic and archival materials concerning Antonio Gramsci's profile and thought, the history of Italian labour and socialist movements, the history of the Italian communist party.

• Rosengarten, Frank [1992] An Introduction to Gramsci's Life and Thought [Italian version]
  From: Enciclopedia italiana, Roma, pp. 485-86.

• Stillo, Monica Antonio Gramsci
  Information on life and work of Gramsci, merits and flaws of Gramsci's theory, and a bibliography.

• Gramsci e o Brasil
  Brazilian society, culture and politics in the light of gramscian marxism. Only in Portuguese. Editor: Luiz Sérgio Henriques.

Habermas, Jürgen [1929]

• [1975] Theorems of Legitimation Crisis
  From: J. Habermas [1975] Legitimation Crisis (transl. by Thomas McCarthy) Boston: Benon Press, pp. 68-75.

• [1968] The Idea of the Theory of Knowledge as Social Theory
  From: Knowledge and Human Interests, (Erkenntnis und Interesse, 1968), publ. Polity Press, 1987 Chapter Three.

• [1991] The Second Destruction of Reason
  Interview in Die Zeit nr. 20, 17 Mai 1991.

• [1994] The Erosion of our Value Spheres?
  The ways in which society copes with scientific, moral and ethical uncertainty.
  Habermas Conference, 27 January 1994, Tilburg, Netherlands.

• [1996] Excerpt from "Georg Simmel on Philosophy and Culture: Postscript to a collection of Essays"
  In: Critical Inquiry, Spring 1996, Vol. 22(3). Translated by Mathieu Deflem.

• [1998] Hermeneutische und analytische Philosophie - Zwei komplementäre Spielarten der linguistischen Wende
  A lecture broadcast on Radio Bremen, June 1996, also in RealAudio.

• [2001] So, Why Does Europe Need a Constitution? [pdf]
  Public lecture, Hamburg, June 26, 2001. From: Die Zeit (June 29, 2001) and the European University Institute. In New Left Review has published a shorter version: Why Europe Needs a Constitution. The original German version: Warum braucht Europa eine Verfassung? or in pdf-format.

• Habermas Online
  The most extended site with information partaining to the work of Habermas.

• Habermas Forum
  About Jürgen Habermas, news, reviews, articles, links, and events.

• Habermas Info, Archive, and Papers - From: Spoon Collective.

• Amerongen, Melissa van [1997]
  Kunstkijken voor gevorderden? - Habermas en Lyotard over een vooruitstrevende avant-garde en een conservatieve maatschappij
  Article on the relation between modern art and the masses, from the perspective of Habermas (en Lyotard). Dutch only.

• Bambach, R. [1991] (Magdeburg, Germany)
  Jürgen Habermas: Person, Werk, Rezeption
  In: Julian Nida-Rümelin (hrsg.) Philosophie der Gegenwart in Einzeldarstellungen, Stuttgart 1991, pp. 210-217.
  Article on person, work and reception of Habermas (in German).

• Barna, Andrew
  Andrew's Page of Habermas (Baylor University) [Moved to ??]
  An introduction on the work of Habermas, and some links to Habermas pages.

• Deflem, Mathieu (Purdue University, USA)
  Habermas Online
  A site that offers primary texts, secondary sources, reviews and links on Habermas.

• Dialectique
  Jürgen Habermas: de la sociologie cirtique à l'éthique de la communication
  A site dedicated to the Frankfurter Schule includes some biographical notes on Habermas.

• Feenberg, Andrew (San Diego State University, USA)
  • [1996] Marcuse or Habermas: Two Critiques of Technology
    Inquiry 39: 45-70.

  • From Essentialism to Constructiivism

• Fernández, Sergio Pablo [1997]
  Habermas y la Teoria Critica de la Sociedad
  In: Cinta de Moebio, no.1, Semtiembre 1997.

• Kauppinen, Antti (Helsinki, Finland)
  Habermas links, Habermas rechts

• Leydesdorff, Loet [2000]
  Luhmann, Habermas, and the Theory of Communication
  In: Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(3): 273-88.

• Robinson, Steve (Michigan State University, USA)
  The Jürgen Habermas Web Resource
  A class project on the rhetorical theory of Habermas.

• Sito Web Italiano per la Filosofia (SWIF)
  Jürgen Habermas
  Italian site on Habermas

• Stefan Drees [1996] (Wuppertal, Germany)
  Habermasland - Überlick über die Habermassche Gesellschaftstheorie
  Some basic concepts of Habermas' social theory. (in German).

• Stickle, Steve
  An Introduction to Jürgen Habermas

• Thornton, Alinta (University of Technology, Sydney, Australia)
  Does Internet Create Democracy?
  A thesis on whether internet creates or contributes to democracy. She relates the internet and democracy debate to American communications theory (starting with Howard Rheingold's prediction that internet will facilitate an explosion of direct participatory democracy), and also explores some European theory, including Habermas. Thornton concludes that internet provides opportunities for limited revitalisation of the public sphere. These new opportunities are limited to privileged groups, but it is at least an increase in the activities of the public sphere, however modest.

Halbwachs, Maurice [1877 - 1945]

• [1905-1947] Classes, besoins et genres de vie
  A collection of articles published between 1905 and 1947.

• [1938] Esquisse d'une psychologie des classes sociales
  A study on the psychology of social classes, including class related articulations of religion, science, arts, politics and social moral.

• [1938] Morphologie sociale

• [1939] La mémoire collective chez les musiciens

• [1950] La mémoire collective
  A study on collective or social memory.

• Grao, Frédéric / Ramognino, Nicole [1997]
  Les matérialités sociales et leurs observations. Les leçons de méthode de M. Halbwachs [pdf]
  In: Sociologie et sociétés, 29(2): 103-19.
  A methodical approach of Halbwachs' work that concentrates on apprehending social facts.

• Lavabre, Marie-Claire
  Pour une sociologie de la mémoire collective

• Marce, Jean-Cristophe / Mucchielli, Laurant [1999]
  Un fondement du lien social: la mémoire collective selon Maurice Halbwachs
  In: Technologies, Idéologies, Pratiques. Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances, 13(2): 63-88.
  A description of the evolution in the basic thinking of the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs.

• Mucchielli, Laurant [1999]
  La mémoire collective selon Maurice Halbwachs' work
  A general presentation of the work of Halbwachs, with focus on collective memory.
  In: Technologies, Idéologies, Pratiques. Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances, 13(2): 63-88.

• Revue du Mauss
  An 'anti-utilitarist' journal that publishes social scientific contributions from different perspectives. The tribute to Marcesl Mauss indicates that there's a certain accent on the idea that social gift relations unite human subjects.

• Sabourin, Paul [1997]
  Perspective sur la mémoire sociale de Maurice Halbwachs [pdf]
  In: Sociologie et sociétés, 29(2): 139-61.
  A re-reading of Halbwachs work that examines the study of social memory as a contribution of note to social morphology, both from the point of view of defining problems and that of proposed solutions. His sociology of memory is a sociology of social experience. The author suggests that this sociology constitutes a theory of socialization that reveals the means of social appropriation of human experience through organizing and defining relationships among collective memories.

• Topalov, Christian e.o
  Maurice Halbwachs et les siences humaines de son temps
  Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines, 1.

• Wikipedia: Maurice_Halbwachs

Hall, Stuart

• How the UK media fuelled race prejudice

• Stuart Hall Page (Black Cultural Studies Web)

• Cultural Studies: Stuart Hall
  A slide lecture created by Robert T. Craig & Karen Tracy.

• Wood, Brennan [1998]
  Stuart Hall's cultural studies and the problem of hegemony
  In: British Journal of Sociology 49(3): 399-414

Haraway, Donna J.

• [1983] The Ironic Dream of a Common Language for Women in the Integrated Circuit
  An early version of Haraway's influential essay A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century.
  A cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a creature of science fiction and a creature of social reality. Haraway argues that we have all become cyborgs, mythic hybrids of machine and organism. In recent Western science and politics, the relation between organism and machine has been a border war. Haraway's essay is an argument for pleasure in the confusion of boundaries and for responsibility in their construction. A socialist-feminist must pay particular attention to the redesign of cyborgs, i.e., to genetic engineering.

• [1991] A Cyborg Manifesto: Sicence, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century
  In: Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 149-181.

• Hyperlink to Donna Haraway

• Hunzru, Hari [1997]
  You Are Cyborg
  In: Wired, Feb 1997.

• Sparks, Elisa Kay
  Donna Haraway Biblio

• Wikipedia: Donna_Haraway

Homans, George, C. [1910 - 1989]

• General Propositions
  From: George C. Homans [1974] Elementary Forms of Social Behavior, (2nd Ed.), New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich.

• Wikipedia: Georges C. Homans

• Biographie: George W. Homans
  In: 50 Klassiker der Soziologie.

Horkheimer, Max [1895 - 1973]

• [1944] The Culture Industry: Enlightment as Mass Deception (with Theodor W. Adorno)
  In: Dialectic of Enlightment. New York: Continuum, 1993. Originally published as "Dialektik der Aufklärung", 1944.

• [1944] The Culture Industry: Enlightment as Mass Deception (with Theodor W. Adorno)
  From: The Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Continuum, 1993. Originally published as "Dialektik der Aufklärung, 1944.

• [1963] Theism and Atheism
  In: Critique of Instrumental Reason.

• 1964] Feudal Lord, Customer, and Specialist - The End of the Fairy Tale of the Customer as King
  In: Critique of Instrumental Reason

• Elemente des Antisemitismus (with Theodor W. Adorno)

• Bi(bli)ography
  • Max Horkheimer: Soziologe und Philosoph
  • Wikipedia: Max_Horkheimer

• Gur-Ze'ev, Ilan (University of Haifa, Israel)
  Max Horkheimer and Philosophy of Education
  In: Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Education.

• Sito Web Italiano per la Filosofia: Max Horkheimer

Inglehart, Ronald

• Culture Shift [1980]
  Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 15-83, 371-92.

• Home page of R. Inglehart

• Publications of Ronald Ingelhart

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss [1943]

• Kanter's Homepage

• Goodmeasure.com
  Kanter's consulting firm provides services to organizations trying to become or remain competitive in an uncertain business environment.

• Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
  Encyclopædia article from Britannica.com.

• Bibliography
  A resource list of books and articles by and about Kanter. Presented by the Business Library, The University of Western Ontario.

• [1995] Corporate Communities
  Transcript of a discussion with David Gergen about the ideas in her book World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy.

• [1997] Men and Women of the Corporation
  A summary of Kanter's work by the same titel.

• [1999] The Enduring Skills of Change Leaders

• [2000] Spotlight on Rosabeth Moss Kanter
  Interview with Kanter on leadership and strategy in the new electronic age, changing relationships with employees, and motivational tools.

Kearl, Michael

• The Times of Our Lives - Investigations into Socio-chronology
  A sociology of time and social rythms by Michael Kearl (Trinity University, USA). A study of time and the various timetables and rhythms that shape our behaviors and thoughts. The issues are: the different meanings we give to each day of the week & months of the year; the "quality time" that working parents worry about sharing enough of with their children; the pressure we feel to be "on time" in the face of dreaded deadlines; the various social clocks whose tickings seem to govern our lives, such as the ages at which we believe we should be married, have children, or be "peaking" in our careers; the emergence of "flexitime" and four-day weeks in the world of work; and the types of time that religions impose to fortify the moralities of their members, such as eternity in heavens or hells, purgatory time, or escaping the cycle of death and rebirth.

• Sociological Tour Trough Cyberspace
  Michael Kearl takes you on a trip through Sociology as it exists on the Net. You won't be disappointed. He will show you that the cyberspace medium can truly be a 'theater of ideas'.

• Sociology of Death and Dying
  An exploration in how death is an indicator of life. Essays, commentary, graphs and links on the death issues of our time: abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, life expectancies of different groups, genocide and more. Also cross-national study in progress examining why belief in life after death greatest among Americans.

• A Sociological Social Psychology
  A sociological perspective written by Michael Kearl. A very good place to start with.

• Marriage & Family Processes

• Social Gerontology

• Social Inequality

• Gender & Society

• Race & Ethnicity

• Sociology of Knowledge

• Demography

König, René [1906 - 1992]

• René-König-Society
  The Society informs on the life and work of René König, one of the refounders of German sociology after the second world war.

• [1965] Der Mensch in der Sicht des Soziologen
  In: Soziologische Orientierungen. Vorträge und Aufsätze. Kön.Berlin: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, pp. 29-44.

• [1974] Die Familie der Gegenwart. Ein interkultureller Vergleich
  München: C.H. Beck, pp. 6-90, 69-74, 145-57.

• La Taillade
  From: René König: Was nebenbei geschieht und allzu oft vergessen wird, Chapter 7. Published in RK-Nachrichten 2, pp. 30-40.

• [1976] Soziologie und Moralbegründung
  RK-Nachrichten 2, pp. 20-29. A radio talk with Hans G. Exenius on sociology and moral foundations.

• Albert, Hans [1996]
  Soziologie und soziale Ordnung. René König und die soziologischen Traditionen
  RK-Nachrichten 2, pp. 9-19.

• Lüschen, Güther [1996]
  René König zum 90. Geburtstag
  RK-Nachrichten 2, pp. 5-7.

• Ziegler, Rolf [1993]
  In memoriam René König. Für eine Soziologie in moralischer Absicht
  ZA-Information, Heft 33, November 1993, pp. 145-55.

• Zürcher, Markus [1994]
  Der mythos der Gemeinschaft: René König als Emigrant in der Schweiz
  RK-Nachrichten 1, pp. 22-33.

Latour, Bruno

• [1996] La gauche a-t-elle besoin de Bourdieu? (Does the left need Bourdieu?)
  In: Liberation 15 sept 1996.

• [1997] On Recalling ANT [pdf]
  Keynote speach at the 'Actor Network and After' Workshop, Keele University, July 1997.

• [1998] Virtual Society
  Annual Public Lecture, Brunel University.

• Bruno Latour
  Italian site on the philosophy of Bruno Latour.

• Wikipedia: Bruno_Latour

Lefebvre, Henri [1901 - 1991]

• Kelly, Michael: Henri Lefebvre
  In: Radical Philosophy 60.
  A biographical and critical sketch.

• Monteiro, Guilhermino: Homenagem a Henri Lefebvre
  Journal a Página da Educação.

• Ross, Kristen [1993-7] Henri Lefebvre on the Situationist International

• Ross, Kristen [1999] Review of Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space
  In: Not Bored 30, 1999.

• Ross, Kristen [1996] Review of Henri Lefebvre's Introduction to Modernity
  In: Not Bored 25, 1996.

• Wikipedia: Henri_Lefebvre

Lévi-Strauss, Claude Gustav [b. 1908]

• [1958] Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in Anthropology
  From: Claude Lévi-Strauss [1968] Structural Anthropology, Chapter II. Allen Lane: Penguin.

• [1963] The Structural Study of Myth
  From: Claude Lévi-Strauss [1963] Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, pp. 202-12.

• [1984] The Birth of Historical Societies (Hitchcock Lectures) Listen to the lecture recorded on 3rd and 4th October at the Berkeley Language Center.

• Klages, Mary (U. Colorado, Boulder) [1997]
  Claude Levi-Strauss: The Structural Study of Myth - Lecture notes on the essay.

• Wikipedia: Levi-Strauss

Luhman, Niklas [1927 - 1998]

• Causality in the South
  Niklas Luhmann, Soziale Systeme, 1995:1.
  Policies of development using legal and monetary mechanisms have not been very successful. Resistance against modernization has been explained by factors such as "tradition", "culture", "mentalities". For Luhmann these are more or less tautological explanations. He proposes to replace them by the factor "social construction of causality". Relations between causes and effects can no longer be treated as objective aspects of the world and as a question of true or false judgment. Rather, causality is an infinity of possible combinations of causes and effects which requires highly selective attribution processes to be of any cognitive or practical value. In Luhmann's mind causality is a medium of loosely couples possibilities which requires the selection of forms, i.e. tight couplings, of interesting causes and interesting effects.

• [2000] Das Medium der Religion. Eine soziologische Betrachtung über Gott und die Seelen [pfd]
  In: Soziale Systeme 6(1): 39-53.

• Autopoesis
  A Norwegian project on Luhmann, Bateson, Spencer, Maturana, Misheva, Massehi, Pierce and others.

• Berliner Luhmann-Kreis (BLK) [Moved to ...?]

• Bornmann, Lutz (Kiel, Germany)
  Glossar zu Niklas Luhmanns Theorie sozialer Systeme

• Christis, Jacq [2001] (Nijmegen, Netherlands)
  Luhman's theory of knowledge: beyond realism and constructivism? [pdf]
  In: Soziale Systeme 7(2): 328-49.

• Heil, Ragner (Germany)
  System Thinking
  Editor: Ragner Heil.

• Jokisch, Rodrigo (Berlin, Germany)
  • [1996] Logic of Distinctions - A Protologic for a Theory of Society
    English summaries of chapters I to V, from: Logik der Distinktionen. Zur Protologik einer Theorie der Gesellschaft. Opladen:Westdeutscher Verlag, 1996.

  • [2001] Problems with Theory Construction of Grand Theories - Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems, as an Example
    From: SysteMexico, Special Edition: The Autopoietic Turn: Luhmann's Recoceptualisation of the Social, Tecnológico de Monterrey - Tec - Campus Ciudead de México, 2001, p. 16-23.

  • Glossar von Rodrigo Jokisch
    A glossary from the perspective of distinction theory, reflecting an intensive interpretation of Luhmann's theory of social systems. It includes a critic and enhancement of the positions of Spencer Brown, Herbst, Guenther, Glanville, Luhmann, Parsons and Habermas.

• Jottings on Luhmann
  A discussion mailing list on Luhmann. The primary goal is to encourage the discussion of and increase the visibility of Niklas Luhmann’s work outside of his native Germany, especially in the English-speaking world. The most exciting possibility is to have at our fingertips the best resource for people, interests and events. The academic fields may range from economics to physics to law to organizational systems to social sciences, and more.

• Kopplin, Holger (Germany) "Liebe" aus systemtheoretischer Sicht
  Article on Luhmann's book "Liebe als Passion. Zur Codierung von Intimität".

• Leydesdorff, Loet [1999]
  Luhmann, Habermas, and the Theory of Communication
  In: Systems Research and Behavioral Science.

• Mein Leben mit Luhmann [Moved to ...?]
  A short story from the perspective of a fictional partner of a fictional sociology professor on a fictional University of Bielefeld. All persons and events are fictional. It includes a rough glossary to Luhmann's system theory.

• Niklas Luhmann systemteori (Danish)

• Porr, Bernd [1997]
  Systemtheorie

• Provost, Wallace H.
  • [1985] Contingency and Complexity in the Social Theory of Niklas Luhmann
    Originaly published in the International Journal of General Systems, in 1985. This article illustrates the power of non-linear philosophy for explaining very difficult concepts in relatively simple terms Even with the obscure language used by Niklas Luhmann.
  • [1989] Complex Organization and Niklas Luhmann's Sociology of Law
    Published in the International Journal of General Systems, in 1989 this article uses the principles of non-linear philosophy to illustrate and expand on the brilliant approach toward the sociology of Law of Niklas Luhmann.

• Rost, Martin (Kiel, Germany) Lumännisches

  • Bibliographical Books

  • Bibliographical Articles

  • Secundary Literature

• Hutter, Michael [1996](Bielefeld, Germany)
  Zur Diskussion gestellt: Niklas Luhmann, "Die Kunst der Gesellschaft"
  In: Soziale Systeme 2(1): 153-77.

• Tække, Jesper [2003] (Denmark)
  Media Theory and Social Systems [pdf]

• Terpstra, Mike (Portland, OR, USA)
  America on Luhmann

• Whitaker, Randall
  Autopoietic Theory and Social Systems: Theory and Practice

• Wikipedia: Niklas_Luhmann

• Luhmann Mailingliste

Malinowski, Bronislaw [1884 - 1942]

• [1921] La sexualité et sa répression dans les sociétés primitives
  French translation of The sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia.

• [1933] Moeurs et coutumes des Mélanésiens
  Trois essais sur la vie sociale des primitifs.

• [1941] Les dynamiques de l'évolution culturelle
  Recherche sur les relations raciales en Afrique.

• [1944] Une théorie scientifique de la culture et autres essais

• Bi(bli)ography
  • Bronislaw Malinowski
    A short story on his live and works, presented by the the EMuseum (Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA).
  • Wikipedia: Bronislaw_Malinowski

• Goldfarb, David A. [1994]
  Argonauts of the Western Pacific: S.I. Witkiewics and Bronislaw Malinowski

Mann, Michael

• [2001] The Colonial Darkside of Democracy

• Short cv of Michael Mann [pdf]

Mannheim, Karl [1893 - 1947]

• The Karl Mannheim Fundation
  One of the aims of this institute of sociology and social policy is to support the preservation and publication of the ouvre of outstanding Hungarian sociologists, especially Karl Mannheim, Karl Polányi, Pál Szende and István Bibó.

• Spencer, Lloyd
  Biography of Mannheim

• Perdue, William D. [1986]
  Karl Mannheim (1883-1947
  In: Sociological Theory: Explanation, Paradigm, and Ideology. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield. pp. 388-93.

Marcuse, Herbert [1898 - 1979]

Primary Sources
• [1941] Reason and Revolution: II Rise of Social Theory - III Hegel's First System

• [1941] Einige gesellschaftliche Folgen moderner Technologien
  First published as "Some Social Implications of Modern Technologies", in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, Vol. IX, 1941`, p. 414-39. Translation in: Herbert Marcuse, Schriften Bd. 3, p. 286-319. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
  In this essay Marcuse analyses technology as a social process.

• [1943] Staat und Individuum im Nationalsozialismus
  First published in Le Monde Diplomatique.

• [1964] One Dimensional Man [marcuse.org] | idem [Herbert Marcuse Association].
  Boston: Beacon.

• [1964] One Dimensional Man - 5. Negative Thinking: The Defeated Logic of Protest.

• [1965] Repressive Toleranz [marcuse.org] | idem [inforpartisan]
  In: Eobert Paul Wolff / Barrington Moore / Herbert Marcuse: A Critique of Pure Tolerance (Boston: Beacon, 1969), pp. 95-137. Originally published in 1965, Kritik der reinen Toleranz.

• [1967] Liberation from the Affluent Society
  In: David Cooper (ed.), The Dialectics of Liberation (Harmondsworth/Baltimore: Penguin, 1968), pp. 175-92.

• [1967] The Eind of Utopia (or German version) and The Problem of Violence (or German version)
  In: Five Lectures (Boston: Beacon), 1970.

• [1967] Aggressiveness in Advanced Industrial Society
  From: Negations: Essays in Critical Theory (1968)

• [1978] Protosozialismus und Spätkapitalismus
  Versuch einer theoretischen Synthese von Bahros Ansatz.
  First published in "Zeitschrift für sozialistische Diskussion", 19(6).

  Secondary Sources

• Herbert Marcuse
  Created by Harold Marcuse. Includes extensive excerpts from Marcuse's writings and links to secondary essays on-line.

• Herbert-Marcuse-Archiv
  City and university library Frankfurt am Main.

• Illuminations Classics: H. Marcuse

• Bibliographie - Dialectiques

• Claussen, Detlev [1998]
  Dem Weltgeist in die Nüstern spucken
  Ein Erinnerung an Herbert Marcuse zum hundertsten Geburtstag.

• Feenberg, Andrew (San Diego State University, USA)
  • [1992] Marcuse: Obstinacy as a Theoretical Virtue
    A comment on one of Marcuse's last speeches, first published in Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, Sept. 1992, pp. 38-40.
  • [1996] Marcuse or Habermas: Two Critiques of Technology
    Inquiry 39: 45-70.

• Fuchs, Christian
  On the Topicality of Selected Aspects of Herbert Marcuse's Works
  You can also read the German version

• Hinman, J.L.
  One-Dimensional Man in the Postmodern Age
  In: Negations Winter 1997/8.
  Hinman is re-thinking "the bourgeois subject" in the path Marcuse has created.

• Keller, Douglas
  • Biography
  • From 1984 to One-Dimensional Man
  • Marcuse, Liberation, and Radical Ecology

• Soares, Jorge Coelho
  A recepção das idéias de Marcuse no Brasil

• Steuernagel, Trudy
  Marcuse and Biotechnology
  In: Negations Winter 1998/9.

  Bi(bli)ography

• Wikipedia: Herbert_Marcuse

Marx, Karl [1818 - 1883] Marxism Socialism

• Cyber Marxisme Links
  An independent platform for radical change. There's a small list of links on Karl Marx, Rosa Luxembourg, Anarchism, Feminism and liberation movements. Editors: Adriaan Boiten and Noemi Vedi. Dutch and English version.

• Klassiker des Marxismus-Leninismus
  Some original texts of Marx, Engels and Lenin in German language.

• Marx/Engels' Writings
  A collection of writings in economic and social theory, presented by: The English Server. The search engine allows a very fast Marx/Engels search.
  

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• Marx-Engels-Marxismus Forschung, Japan
  Michio Akama has created a nice index of Japanese contributions to marxist inspired science. Some articles are full text and free, but you won't understand much if you don't speak Japanese.

• Marxism Page
  Contains plain text files of marxist classics, introductions to marxist politics, contemporary marxist material etc. You can even listen to The Internationale if you like (and read the lyrics or background of the song). Created by: Rick Kuhn.

• Marxist Internet Archive - Colorado
  Contains a library (a chronology of the works of Marx and Engels), a biographical archive, a photo gallery, other marxist writers (like Lenin, Riazanov, Trotsky, and Pannekoek) and a search engine that searches the entire Marx/Engels Internet Library.
  

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  Spoon Marxism Space, The
  This marxism space is designed to enable diverse yet focussed and experimental discussions on a broad range of issues pertinent to marxism. It is conceived as an environment which increases flexibility, enables more participation, and encourages focus while still promoting cross-fertilization. Marxism space lists include:

  • marxism-and-sciences
  • marxism-feminism
  • marxism-general
  • marxism-international
  • marxism-intro
  • marxism-news
  • marxism-psych
  • marxism-thaxis

  The site also contains papers in the marxism space archive, archives of discussiens and online marxism resources.

  The Making of the Manifesto by: Bob Beamish (Dept. of Sociology, Queen's University, Ontaria, Canada.
  A paper presented for the virtual seminar of the Progressive Sociologists' Network to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Manifesto of the Communist Party. The "Manifesto", the most widely read and defining single text in the history of modern socialism, was first published in February, 1848.

  Karl Marx Haus
  Museum in Trier, Germany.

Mauss, Marcel [1872 - 1950]

• Biography
  Anthropology Biography Web, developed by the anthropology students at Minnesota State University, Mankato.

• [1995] Retour sur le don (Revisiting the Gift)
  Anthropologie et Sociétés 19 (2/3).

• Beaucage, Pierre [1995]
  Présentation Échange et société: avant et après Mauss
  Anthropologie et Sociétés 19 (2/3): Retour sur le don (Revisiting the Gift).

• Wikipedia: Marcel_Mauss

McLuhan, Marschall [1911 - 1980]

• Marshall McLuhan Center
  A very short biography, selection of main publications and some quotes.

• Marshal McLuhan Global Research Network
  A non-profit knowledge media design and public policy think thank that supports collaborations among scholars, researchers and practitioners whose work extends the insights of McLuhan. The network is incubated at the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology, University of Toronto (Canada). The site includes a biography and bibliography, a timeline, photos and an ortal history of McLuhan.

• Understanding McLuhan
  Article on the ideas and influence of McLuhan, presented by Sulekha (Connecting Indians Worldwide).

• Andrews, Jim [1995]
  McLuhan Reconsidered
  An examination of some of the ideas of Marshall McLuhan, the seminal media/technology analyst of the sixties and seventies.

• John Sturrock [1989]
  Wild Man of the Global Village - Review of Laws of the Media: The New Science, by McLuhan and McLuhan. From: The New York Times (Feb. 26, 1989).

• Wolf, Gary [1996]
  The Wisdom of Saint Marshall, the Holy Fool
  Article about communications theorist Marshall McLuhan and what he stands for. From: Wired magazine (January 1996).

• Wikipedia: Marshall_McLuhan

Mead, George Herbert [1863 - 1931]

• George's Page
  A document repository for the publications of Mead. The page also provides access to related publications by other writers, including sources documents referenced by Mead, some biographical and historical notes, and commentaries on Mead's work. Mead Documents is a great service with many full-text articles. This site is a part of the Mead Project at the Department of Sociology, Brock University, in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

• [1925] The Genesis of the Self and Social Control
  International Journal of Ethics 35:251-77.

• [1932] Mind Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist
  Chicago: University of Chicago.

• Giovanni Cozzolino [Dec. 2000]
  La psicologia sociale di George Herbert Mead
  In: Psychomedia. Sezione: Scienze e pensiero. Area: Sociologia.

Mead, Margaret [1901-1978]

"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world, indeed, it's the only thing that ever has"
• [1949] Male and Female
  Mead explains: "What is it to be a man? What is it to be a women?"

• [1962] Creative Intelligence: Female
  Listen to the introduction and questions recorded in 1962 at the Berkeley Language Center (The Silent Revolution: Creative Man in Contemporary Society, 1962)

• Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture
  An online exhibition that commemorates the 100th anniversary of Margaret Mead's birth, presented by the Library of Congress (USA). It contains a selection of materials from the extensive Mead collection of the LOC. The collection includes manuscripts, diaries, letters, field notes ,drawings, prints, photographs, sound recordings, and film.

• Margaret Mead
  Download archival footage of Margeret Mead at the American Museum of Natural History.

• Margeret Mead
  A hypertextual biography presented by Celebration of Women Anthropologists.

• The Women of the Hall: Margaret Mead
  A short biography.

• Sex, Lies, and Anthropologists: The Margaret Mead - Derek Freeman Debate with Dr. Paul Shankman.
  In: Research in Anthropology, edited by M. Ember, C. Ember, and D. Levinson. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

• A list of books by and about Margaret Mead
  Presented by Malaspina Great Books Home Page.

• Welty, Gordon [1990]
  The Attack on Mead and the Dialectics of Antrhopology
  In: Science and Nature 9:14-24.
  A discussion of Derek Freeman's 1983 attack on Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa (1928). Focus is on the history and significance of the doctrine of Popperian falsifiability in anthropology. Welty argues that the 'falsifiability' canon has a longer history than Popperians acknowledge, dating back at least to Claude Bernard's ‘Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine’ (1865); moreover, this canon entails a dialectical conception of science and its development. In light of these dialectical considerations, it is claimed that Boasian anthropology is the negation of Biologism (sociobiology), and that the dialectical negation of both these doctrines (biologism and Boasian anthropology) is social evolutionism and its philosophical recapitulation, historical materialism.

• Wikipedia: Margaret Mead

Merton, Robert K. [1910 - 2003]

• [1957] Manifest and Latent Functions
  From: Robert K. Merton [1957] Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, pp. 60-9.

• [1957] Bureaucratic Structure and Personality
  From: Robert K. Merton [1957] Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, pp. 195-206.

• [1957] The Role-Set: Problems in Sociological Theory
  In: British Journal of Sociology, 8: 106-20.

• [1968] The Matthew Effect in Science: The Reward and Communication of Systems of Science are Considered [pdf]
  Science 159(3810): 56-63.

• [1968] The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property [pdf]
  ISIS 79: 606-623.

• [1995] The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect [pdf]
  Social Forces 74(2): 379-424.

• The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations
  Edited by Norman W. Storer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973, ch. 1 ('Paradigm for the Sociology of Knowledge'), ch. 13 ('The Normative Structure of Science'), ch. 14 ('Priorities in Scientific Discovery').

• Camp, Sarah (Florida State University)
  Robert K. Merton's Anomie Theory
  In Merton's anomie theory the methods of achieving one's goals are conflicted with the goal. Individuals according to their situation may take on one of the five adaptations: conformity, innovations, ritualistic, rethreatist, or rebellion. Sarah Camp explicates Morton's anomie theory and discusses some applications.

• Crimetheory.com
  Robert K. Merton's "Dream Machine"
  An Explication of Merton's Social Structure and Anomie (1938).

• Elster, Jon [1990]
  Mertons's Functionalism and the Unintended Consequences of Action
  In: Jon Clark / Celia Mogdil / Sohan Modgil (eds.) Robert Merton: Consensus and Controversy. London /New York: Falmer Press, pp. 129-35.

• Harris, C. Dodd [1996]
  The Unanticipated Consequences of Human Action: Structure-Functionalist Theory of Robert K. Merton

• Melo, Diane de
  Merton's Strain Theory
  Merton argues that strain is not created by a sudden social change, but rather by a social structure that holds out the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them. Merton's theory focusses upon various acts of deviance, which may lead to criminal behavior. De Melo concentrates her short explanation on the modes of adapting to strain caused by the restricted access to socially approved goals and means.

Michels, Robert [1876-1936]

• [1915] Iron Law of Oligarchy [abstract]
  From: Robert Michels [1966] Political Parties. New York: Free Press Paperback, pp. 61-62, 65-73, 81-84, 87-89, 99-100, 103-4, 109-11, 167-68, 170-71, 172-73, 177-80, 364-71.

• Cochran, Bert [1957]
  Socialism, Power Elites and Bureaucracy

• Welty, Gordon [1981]
  American Religious Culture as the Seedbed of Sociology
  Paper presented at the National Meeting of the American Culture Association, Cincinnati, Ohio (March 27, 1981)
  An essay that considers William Ellery Channing's 1829 article 'Remarks On Associations' as a candidate for the origin of the Iron Law of Oligarchy.

• Wikipedia: Robert Michels

Millett, Kate [1934]

• [1998] The feminist time forgot
  The Guardian (London), Tuesday June 23, 1998.

• Bibliography
  • Books by and about Kate Millett [Amazon]

• Photo of Millett, taken by Cynthia MacAdams

• Crawford, Leslie [1999]
  Kate Millett, the ambivalent feminist

• Wikipedia: Kate Millett

Mills, Charles Wright [1916 - 1962]

• [1957] The Power Elite
  From: C. Wright Mills [1957] The Power Elite. New York: Harper, pp. 269-97. See also excerpts from the Third World Traveler.

• Becker, Howard S. [1994]
  Professional Sociology: The Case of C. Wright Mills
  In: Ray Rist (ed.) [1994] The Democratic Imagination: Dialogues on the Work of Irving Louis Horowitz. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, pp. 175-87.

• Elwell, Frank
  C. Wright Mills' Homepage

• Sherrouse, Carl A. [1997]
  The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills

• Thomas, Rachel [1997]
  The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills
  An article review.

• The Sociological Imagination
  Animated gif of C. Wright Mills' book.

Moreno, Jacob Levy [1889 - 1974]

• Dr. J.L. Moreno
  A bibliography and Moreno links.

• Institutos de Psycodrama J.L. Moreno

• Brody, Robert
  What is Psychodrama?

Morgan, Lewis H. [1818 - 1881]

• [1877] Ancient Society
  Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization.
  London: MacMillan & Company

• Wikipedia: Lewis_H._Morgan

Offe, Claus [1940]

• Claus Offe
  Information on person and work.

• [1987] Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics: Social Movements since the 1960s
  In: Charles S. Maier (ed.) [1987] Challenging the Boundaries of the Political. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 63-106.

Pareto, Vilfredo [1848 - 1923]

• Cercle D'Études Parétiennes
  From the Centre d'Etudes Interdisciplinaires Walras-Pareto at the Université de Lausanne. It includes a biography and bibliography of Pareto. French only.

• Profiles: Vilfredo Pareto
  The Presented by the History of Economic Thought.

• Selected Primary and Secundarry Works (Univ. of Bristol, UK)

• [1893] Leçon d'économie pure à l'Université de Lausanne [Moved to ?]
  History of Economics Ideas, vol. 5, no. 3, 1997.

• [1897] The New Theories of Economics
  Journal of Political Economy, vol. 5, 1897.

• [1916] Mind & Society
  This is considered Pareto's greatest work, in which he inquires into the nature and bases of individual and social action. He argues that social classes are formed because persons of superior ability seek to confirm and aggrandise their social position. In an effort to rise into the elite of the upper strata, privileged members of the lower-class groups continually strive to use their abilities and thus improve them; the opposite tendency obtains among the elite. The best-equipped persons from the lower class rise to challenge the position of the upper-class elite. This is the famous 'circulation of elites'.

• [1935] Circulation of the Elites
  From Vilfredo Pareto [1935] The Mind and Society, ed. Arthur Livingston trans. Andrew Bongiomo (NewYork: Harcourt, Brace & Co.), Vols. III and IV, Sections 2026-9 and Sections 2233-6.

• Hatyt, Doyle G. [1999]
  Vilfredo Pareto

• Thornton, Fr. James [1997]
  Vilfredo Pareto: A Concise Overview of His Life, Works, and Philosophy [MOVED TO ...?]

• Zanni, Alberto [1999]
  Pareto in Toscana (Italian)

Park, Robert Ezra [1864 - 1944]

• Biography - Encyclopædia Britannica

• Park, R.E. / Burgess, E.W. Competition, Conflict, Accommodation and Assimilation
  From: Lewis A. Coser [1977] Masters of Sociological Thought, pp. 366-367.

• Park - Dead Sociologist Society
  Biografical information and a summary of his ideas.

Parsons, Talcott [1902 - 1979]

• Talcott Parsons on Institutions and Social Evolution: Selected Writings [extract]
  Edited by Leon R. Mayhew. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, chs. 1-5 (early writings), ch. 6 ('The Pattern Variables'), ch. 7 ('Integration and Institutionalization'), ch. 9 ('Illness and the Role of the Physician'), ch. 15 ('On the Concept of Influence'), ch. 19 ('Evolutionary Universals in Society').

• [1937] The Unit Act of Action Systems
  From: Talcott Parsons [1937] The Structure of Social Action. New York: Free Press, pp. 43-8.

• [1939] The Professions and Social Structure
  Essays in Sociological Theory. Glencoe IL; Free Press, 1954, ch. 2.

• [1942] Age and Sex in the Social Structure of the U.S. [extract]
  From: Talcott Parsons [1954] Essays in Sociological Theory. Glencoe IL; Free Press, ch. 5.

• [1943] Sex Roles in American Kinship System
  From: Talcott Parsons [1954] "The Kinship System of the Contemporary United States", Essays in Sociological Theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 189-94.

• [1956] Suggestions for a Sociological Approach to the Theory of Organizations
  In: Administrative Science Quarterly (1956): 63-85, 225-39.

• [1971] Action Systems and Social Systems
  From: Talcott Parsons [1971] The System of Modern Societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp.4-8.

• An Outline of the Social System, pp. 30-79.

• Bornmann, Lutz (Kiel, German)
  Grundzüge der struktur-funktionalen Theorie nach Talcott Parsons
  Basic elements of Talcott Parsons' structural functionalism.

Popper, Karl Reimund [1902 - 1994]

• [1972] Science: Conjectures and Refutations
  Popper explains the apparent progress of scientific knowledge—how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge?

• The Karl Popper Web
  Information on person and work of Karl Popper, including a Newsletter archive. Editor: Ray Scott Percival.

• Burgess, Mike [1996]
  A discussion of Karl Popper's critique of Marxism in The Open Society and its Enemies, and The Poverty of Historicism

• Gardner, Martin [2001]
  A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper
  In: Skeptical Inquirer, 25(4): 13-4,72.

• Jira, Milan
  In Memoriam - Karl Popper in Prague

• Karl Popper Institute
  Including a complete bibliography.

• Yue-Ching Ho, Eugene / Lund, Pui-Chong [1994]
  Sir Karl Raimund Popper: In Memoriam
  Originally published in Intellectus, 32: 1-3.

• Wikipedia: Karl Popper

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques [1712 - 1778]

Original Texts

• [1750] Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts. The English version Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences has been translated by G.D.H. Cole.

• [1754] Discours sur L'origine et les Fondements des inégalités parmi les hommes | What is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorised by natural law? (translated by G.D.H. Cole) | mirror | Gutenberg.

• [1755] A Discourse on Political Economy (translated by G.D.H. Cole) | mirror | text edition

• [1762] Émile, ou l'education
  French and English version, translated by Grace Roosevelt. Presented by the Institute for Learning Technologies.

• [1762] Du Contract Social ou Principes du Droit politique (Athena)| Du Contract Social ou Principes du Droit politique (Abu) | The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right (translated by G. D. H. Cole) | mirror | extract

• [1782] Les Confessions | The Confessions (translated by W. Conyngham Mallory) | mirror | Gutenberg

• Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire (Abu)

On Rousseau

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  A short bibliographical page on Rousseau. Written by Garth Kemerling.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  A brief article in "The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau Association
  Information on the man, his works, his music, including images of Rousseau and his world.

• Rousseau
  Björn Christensson Guide to Philosophy.

• Monney, Jean-Jacques [1997]
  J-J Rousseau: His Life and Work in Postcards

• Roosevelt, Grace [1999]
  The Usefulness of Rousseau's Emile to Inner-City Adult Students
  Presented at the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies Meeting. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March 28, 1999.

• Wikipedia: J-J. Rousseau

• Article on "The Social Contract" in the The Catholic Encyclopedia - Wrtten by G.M. Sauvage.

• Rouseau Discussion List
  To subscribe send the message "SUB rousseau" to listserv@think.net.

Schütz, Alfred [1899 - 1959]

• Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology (CARP)

• Bibliography of Secondary Sources on Alfred Schutz
  An international and multidisciplinary listing of secondary sources, compiled by John Drabindski and edited by Edward B. Rackley.

• Krämer, Horst Jürgen [2000]
  Alfred Schütz und die "Strukturen der Lebenswelt" im Modell. Analyse einer Alltagssimulation aus der Unterhaltungsindustrie

Simmel, Georg [1858 - 1918]

• The Person
  From: Lewis A. Coser [1977] Masters of Sociological Thought, pp. 194-95.

• [1890] Zur Psychologie des Geldes
  In: Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich (hrsg. von Gustav Schmoller), 13: 1251-54.

• [1895] Zur Psychologie der Mode
  In:Die Zeit, Wiener Wochenschrift für Politike, Volkswirtschat, Wissenschaft und Kunst. 5 Band, Nr. 54 vom 12. 10:22-24.

• [1898] Zur Soziologie der Religion
  In: Neue Deutsche Rundschau (Freie Bühne), 9: 111-23.

• [1900] A Chapter in the Philosophy of Value
  American Journal of Sociology, vol. 5, 1900.

• [1905] Philosophie der Mode
  In: Reihe Moderne Zeitfragen (hrsg. Hans Landsberg), Berlin: Pan-Verlag.

• [1908] Das Problem der Soziologie
  In: Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Duncker & Humbolt Verlag, Berlin 1908 (1. Auflage), Kapitel I, S. 1-21.

• [1910/11] How is Society Possible?
  American Journal of Sociology, vol. 16, 1910-11. The same text from ecn.bris.ac.uk or unimeld.edu.au

• [1912] Die Religion
  Band 2 von "Die Gesellschaft", Sammlung sozialpsychologischer Monographien (hrsg. von Martin Buder), 2. Auflage. Frankfurt a. M.: Rütten und Löning.

• [1917] Grundfragen der Soziologie
  Berlin/Hamburg: G.J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung.

• [1918] Vom Wesen des historischen Verstehens
  In: Geschichtliche Abende im Zentralinstitut für Erziehung und Unterricht, Heft 5. Berlin: Ernst Siegfied Mittler und Sohn.

• Conflict as Sociation
  From Kurt H. Wolff, (Trans.) [1950] The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, pp. 13-17.

• The Stranger
  From Kurt Wolff (Trans.) [1950] The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press, pp. 402-8.

• On individuality and social forms
  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Ch. 9 ('Sociability'), ch. 16 ('Subjective Culture').

• Georg Simmel Online
  Presented by: Sociology in Switzerland. Some major works of Simmel in German language. Editing committe: Christoph Brönnimarin, Hans Geser, Jürgen Stremlow (Sociological Institute, Zürich, Switzerland). It contains: Zur Soziologie der Familie (1895); Zu einer Theorie des Pessimismus (1900); Sozialismus und Pessimismus (1900); Persönliche und sachliche Kultur (1900); Soziologie. Untersuchungen Ÿber die Formen der Vergesellschaftung (1908); Philosophische Kultur (1919),

Sorokin, Pitirim A. [1889 - 1968]

• The Person
  In: Coser 1977.

• Pitirim Sorokin Books
  Bibliography Keith Appleby.

• Sociology of Knowledge
  From: Lewis A. Coser [1977] Masters of Sociological Thought, pp. 469-72.

• Social Mobility
  From: Pitirim Sorokin [1959] Social and Cultural Mobility. New York: Free Press.

• Bosch, Bart van den [1999]- Univ. of Amsterdam
  Crisis, katharsis en wederopstanding. Het leven en denken van P.A. Sorokin
  A historical and sociological biography of Sorokin.

Spencer, Herbert [1820 - 1903]

• [1852] Use and Beauty
  From: The Works, vol. 14; 1966 Osnabrück.

• [1862] First Principles
  London: Williams & Norgate.

• [1864] Laws in General

• [1864] Reasons for Dissenting from the Phuilosophy of M. Comte

• [1884] The Man versus the State

• [1896] The Principles of Sociology
  From: Robert Bierstedt, The Making of Society. New York: Modern Library, 1959, pp. 253-73.

• The Nature of Society [excerpt]

• Spencer Bibliography
  Works by and about Spencer. Editor: Ed Stephan (Western Washington Univ.).

• Published Work of Herbert Spencer

• Sciabarra, Chris Matthews [1999]
  The First Dialectical Libertarian
  First Published in the August 1999 issue of Liberty.

• Graber, Robert Bates (Truman State University, USA)
  Founding Figures: Herbert Spencer

Taylor, Frederick Winslow [1856 - 1915]

• F.W. Taylor Collection - Samuel C. Williams Library, USA
  Contains original manuscripts, drawings, artifacts and books by and about Frederick Winslow Taylor, Class of 1883, originator of Scientific Management. Elizabeth Gardner Hayward (Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, New Jersey, USA) has written A Classified Guide to this collection. It covers the life and work of Taylor, an explanation of the Principles of Scientific Management, and the details of the system itself. There is a special search page on Taylor for beginners, and for experts.

• The F. W. Taylor Project
  The F. W. Taylor Project is preserving and disseminating the F. W. Taylor Collection at the Stevens Institute of Technology by establishing the on-line Taylor archive to digitally store and represent the contents of the collection. The Taylor archive is described in the Introduction to the Taylor Archive and can be accessed by completing the brief tutorial. Editor: Robert R. Downs.

• [1911] The Principles of Scientific Management - Text provided by Eric Eldred.

• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
  The Gilbreth's motion studies on how a task was done, and how best to eliminate unneeded, fatiguing steps in any process. Their work is commonly linked with Taylor's time studies and grouped within the various 'laws and principles' of scientific management. See also the expose on the Gilbreth's motion studies, including pictures.

• Becker, T. [1996]
  Industrieller und technologischer Wandel
  An analysis of the history of production methods: pre-industrial production, industrial mass production (Taylorism, Fordism) en Toyotisms.

• Benschop, Albert (Univ. of Amsterdam)
  Het Scientific Management van Frederick W. Taylor (in Dutch)

• Kaiser, Walter [1994] (Aachen, Germany)
  Von Taylor und Ford zur "lean production"
  Analyses the historical development of mass production, the introduction of taylorism in Europe, and emergence of the flexible or lean production in Japan.

• Kuchenbrod, Matthias
  Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) - Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der modernen Rationalisierung
  A study on taylorism as a secular form of the protestant ethic.

• Reshef, Yonatan (Alberta, Canada)
  Taylor: Scientific Management

• Sandrone, Vincenzo (Sydney, Australia)
  Taylorism

• Scientific Management - The Journal of Management History: Contents, Volume 1 Number 2.

• Smulyan, Susan (Brown University) and Vandenberg-Davis, Jodi (National History Day)
  Factories and Technology in Industrializing America
  A history course that examines the 'modernization' of factories and of work practices in fractories from different perspectives. The first two parts of the lesson examine the modernization of the textile industry in the North and South, the third part concentrates on 'scientific management' as a prescription for thoroughly modernizing workers, machines and management practices.

Thomas, William Isaac [1863 - 1947]

• Coser, Lewis [1977:530-6] Biography of W.I Thomas
  In: Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context. NY:Harcourt Brace & Jovanovitch 1977.

• [1896] The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology
  American Journal of Sociology 1: 434-45.

• [1897] On a Difference in the Metabolism of the Sexes
  American Journal of Sociology 3: 31-63.

• [1898] The Relation of Sex to Primitive Social Control
  American Journal of Sociology 3:754-75.

• [1899] The Psychology of Modesty and Clothing
  American Journal of Sociology 5: 246-62.

• [1905] The Province of Social Psychology
  American Journal of Sociology 10: 445-55.

• [1907] Sex and Society: Studies in the Social Psychology of Sex
  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• [1908] The Significance of the Orient for the Occident
  American Journal of Sociology 13: 729-42.

• [1908] Response to Reinsch, Tenney, Unger, Asakawa, and Jenks Discussion of W.I. Thomas, "The Significance of the Orient for the Occident"
  American Journal of Sociology 13: 754-55.

• [1908] The Older and Newer Ideals of Marriage
  American Magazine 67: 546-52.

• [1909] Women and the Occupations
  American Magazine 68: 463-70.

• [1923] The Unadjusted Girl with cases and standpoint for behavior analysis
  Boston: Little Brown and Company.

• [1923] Definition of the Situation
  From: W. I. Thomas [1923] The Unadjusted Girl. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.

• Bibliography of W.I. Thomas
  Presented by the Mead Project of the Department of Sociology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada.

Tocqueville, Alexis de [1805 - 1859]

• [1835] Democracy in America
  Still one of the most influential works in political thought. Tocqueville's America is a project of the American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia. They take up the task of re-contextualizing Tocqueville's famous political and cultural analysis of American democracy. The objective is, over time, to return that book to its origins, to the America of 1831-32. For it was on that very specific ground and at that very specific historical moment that Tocqueville stood.

• [1856] L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution

• Noble, Mike [1995] A Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville

• Lacroix, André [1998] Alexis de Tocqueville

• In Search of Tocqueville's Democracy in America
  Contains a biography, information on Tocqueville's visit to America, modern references to Tocqueville and a list of resources.

• Democracy in America: Tocqueville's America
  A project of the American Studies Program at The University of Virginia that wants to re-contextualize Tocqueville's famous political and cultural analysis of American democracy. Prepare yourself for a virtual tour to America of 1831.

• Pitney, John J. [1995] The Tocqueville Fraud

• Democracy in the 21st Century: Teaching with Tocqueville Teaching Modules
  Presented by c-span.org.

• Great Books Index: Alexis de Tocqueville

• Wikipedia: Alexis de Tocqueville

Toffler, Alvin

• Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years
  New Scientist meets the controversial futurologist. New Scientist, 19 March 1994, pp. 22-25.

• Perspectives for a Changing World
  A Return Visit with Alvin Toffler, by: Mary Eisenhart. Microtimes, 1995.

• Finley, Michael [2002]
  Alvin Toffler and the Third Wave

• Books by Alvin Toffler

• Wikipedia: Alvin Toffler

Tönnies, Ferdinand [1855 - 1936]

• Ferdinand Tönnies-Gesellschaft
  The aim of the Ferdinand Tönnies Society is to cultivate the spiritual legacy of Tönnies. The FTG maintains a Tönnies-Forum (free for members). The main activitie is the realisation of the complete works of Tönnies (De Gruyter).

• On Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
  Reprinted from Community and Society: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft by Ferdinand Tonnies, translated and edited by Charles P. Loomis, pp. 223-31. 1957, The Michigan State University Press.
  Tonnies makes a distinction between two basic types of social groups. Groups in which membership is sustained by some instrumental goal or definite end he termed Gemeinschaft (often translated as community). Groups in which the membership is based on a feeling of togetherness he termed Gesellschaft (often translated as society). Gemeinschaft is exemplified by the family or neighborhood; Gesellschaft, by the city or the state.

• Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe
  Complete works of Tönnies by De Gruyter.

• Deflem, Mathieu [1999] (Purdue University)
  Ferdinand Tönnies on Crime and Society - An Unexplored Contribution to Criminological Sociology
  In: History of the Human Sciences 12(3): 87-116.

Touraine, Alain [1925]

• [1978] Théorie et pratique d'une sociologie de l'action [pdf]
  Sociologie et Sociétés, 10(2): 149-88.

• [1991] Au-delà d'une société du travail et des mouvements sociaux? [pdf]
  (Beyond a Society of Work and Social Movements?)
  Sociologie et Sociétés, 23(2): 27-41.

• [1994] La recomposition du monde
  Lecture presented at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Aix-en-Provence, 9 May 1994.
  
  
• [1996] Entretien avec Alain Touraine

• [1997] De la mañana de los regímenes nacional-populares a la víspera de los movimientos sociales [Moved to...?]
  École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris.

• [1999] America Latina se despierta

• [2002] Indicadores para el diálogo intercultural
  In: la factoría, no. 16.

• [2002] La hegenomia de EE.UU. y la guerra islamita
  In: Venezuela Analítica, 16 September 2002.

• Hamel, Jacques [1997] (University of Montreal)
  Sociology, Common Sense, and Qualitative Methodology. The position of Pierre Bourdieu and Alain Touraine
  Canadian Journal of Sociology 22:95-112.

• Alain Touraine - Ten Nobels for the future

Toynbee, Arnold [1852 - 1883]

• Wikipedia: Toynbee

• [1884] Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England | mirror_1 | mirror_2
  Discusses the industrial and agrarian revolution at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. The first part deals with Adam Smith (England on the eve of the Industrial revolution and the causes of wealth), the second part deals with Malthus (distribution of wealth and causes of poverty), the third part deals with Ricardo (doctrine of rent and wages and theories of economic progress).

• Library of Congress Citations

• Marshall, Alfred [1887]
  On Arnold Toynbee
  From: A. Marshall On Arnold Toynbee, introduced and edited by John K. Wothaker, Marshall Studies Bulletin 8: 45-8.

• Creative Quotations from Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883)
  For instance: "It is a paradoxical but profound true and important principle of life that the most likely way to reach a goal is to be aiming not at that goal itself but at some more ambitious goal beyond it."

• Totten, Bill [1996]
  Arnold Toynbee on the Industrial Revolution

Veblen, Thorstein [1857 - 1929]

• [1898-9] The Beginning of Ownership
  American Journal of Sociology, vol. 4, 1898-9.

• [1898-9] The Barbarian Status of Women
  American Journal of Sociology, vol. 4, 1898-9.

• [1898-9] The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor
  American Journal of Sociology, vol. 4, 1898-9.

• [1899] The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions | mirror at McMaster
  New York: The Macmillan Company.

• [1902] Conspicuous Consumption
  From Thorstein Veblen [1902] The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York:Macmillan, pp. 68-101.

• [1904] The Theory of Business Enterprise (Brock Univ.) | idem at McMaster
  New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

• [1906] The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and his Followers (Part 1)
  The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 20, 1906.

• [1906] The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and his Followers (Part 2)
  The Substance of Lectures before students in Harvard University in April, 1906 (text files at McMaster).

• [1914] The Instinct of Workmanshiop and the State of the Industrial Arts
  New York: Macmillan.

• [1917] An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace and the Terms of its Perpetuation
  New York: The Macmillan Company.

• [1918] The Higher Learning in America
  A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men.
  New York: B.W. Huebsch.

• [1919] The Vested Interests and the Common Man
  New York: Huebsch.

• Biographical information and links to other text: Akama and Veblenite

• Veblen: McMaster University Archive

• Veblenite
  A Veblen project page that introduces his personality and work, and shows the importance of his thoughts at the present time. It also places all of Veblen's works as a repository to everyone's disposal (as far as not copyright protected). The project is managed by Ralf J. Schreyer.

Walby, Sylvia

• Biography

• [1997] Gender Transformations [order book]
  London: Routledge.

• [2001] From gendered welfare state to gender regimes: National differences, convergence or re-structuring? [.doc]
  A paper presented to Gender and Society Group, Stockholm University, January 2001.

Wallerstein, Immanuel [1930]

• Curriculum Vitae [pdf]
  Presented by the Fernand Braudel Center.

• [1976] World System Theory [Summary]
  From Immanuel Wallerstein [1976] The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press. The summary has been written by Paul Halsall, editor of the Internet history sourcebooks project.

• [1995] Social Science and Contemporary Society: The Vanishing Guarantees of Rationality
  Inaugural Address, Convegno Internazionale di Studi of Associazione Italiana di Sociologia, Palermo, October 26-28,1995.

• [1999] Interview on Cultural Globalization
  On June, 25th 1999 Wallerstein was interviewed in Paris by Anand Kumar, Frank Welz and Gabriele Tysarzik.

• Literature about world-system theory and Wallerstein (English and German)

• World-Systems Electronic Conferencing Network (WSN)
  An electronic conferencing network and information source for scholars and researchers who are studying world systems. WSN facilitates the sharing of information about research, data, publications, announcements, meetings, syllabyu, commentary, book reviews, etc.

• World-Systems Archive
  Valuable information for scholars engaged in research on world systems. The archive contains papers, bibliographies, and announcements.

• Journal of World-Systems Research
  A refereerd ejournal that publishes research and theoretical articles on topics relevant to the analysis of world-systems.

Ward, Lester Frank [1841 - 1913]

• Biography - Encyclopædia Britannica

• Lester Frank Ward - A Guide to Resources
  Editor: Ralf Schreyer.

• Lester Frank Ward - A Guide to Resources
  Editor: Robert Bannister (Swarthmore College).

• Lester Frank Ward Papers - Smithsonian Institution Archives.

• [1897] Outlines of Sociology [pdf]

• [1902] Contemporary Sociology [pdf]

• [1903] Pure Sociology [pdf]
  A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society.

• [1906] Applied Sociology [pdf]
  A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society.

Weber, Max [1864-1920]

Willis, Paul

• [1974] Symbolism and Practice - A Theory for the Social Meaning of Pop Music

• [1977] Learning to Labor: How the Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs
  New York: Columbia Univ. Press [1977/81], chs. 2, 8.

Znaniecki, Florian Witold [1882 - 1958]

• Florian Znaniecki Society's Homepage (in English and Polish)

• Biografie & Bibliography of Znaniecki

• Biography - In Polish

References

• Les Classiques des sciences sociales (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi)

• Dead Sociologists Society
  A list of the various theorists, some biographical information and a summary of their work. Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, Simmel, Weber, Veblen, Cooley, Mead, Park, Pareto and Sorokin.

• Great Thinkers and Visionaries
  The live and works of great thinkers, from Leonado Da Vinci via Newton and Einstein to Chomsky and Hawking. Provided by Alexander Chislenko.

• Personal Home pages of Sociologists (SocioSite)

• Time line for the history of sciene and social science
  A time line from before writing began to the present, linked to Andrew Roberts' book Social Science History and to other resources, including extracts and works of authors. The alphabetical index of authors is very helpful. And so is the ABC Study Guide in plain English.

• Timeline of Sociology from 1600
  A chronological list of sociologists. The selection of sociologists is rather selective (you won't find German sociologists such as Adorno and Horkheimer) and the works that are mentioned are even more arbitrary. Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital wasn't written in 1951, but first published in 1913. Editor: Ed Stephan (Western Washington University, USA).